:Nos. 2 & 3.] THE AUSTRAL AVIAN RECORD 4^ 



substitute-names for previously defined groups A large 

 number are simply classical emendations or substitutions 

 and the majority of these fall as absolute synonyms ;, 

 one of the dangers of such names however is that they 

 sometimes invahdate later well-known and commonly 

 utilised names. Such was the case with some of these 

 BiUbergian names, as Richmond pointed out. The 

 names naturally fall in three groups : those which are 

 absolutely synonyms, those which are indeterminable, 

 and those which are valid. A large number occurring 

 in the table apparently belong to the second list, but 

 through their usage in the text become distributed 

 in the other two. 



Richmond has given full notes regarding nearly all 

 these, so that it would be superfluous to re-state his 

 arguments. 



The absolute synonyms are : Gauria, Grades, Gometes^ 

 Ichla, Hydrichla, Anecorhamphus, Agreutes, Ablas, Garpo- 

 phaga, Pogonornis, Musovora, Auga, Grocethia, Nea^ 

 Egatheus, Geopega, RhipOrnis, and Ghelido. 



These however are validly proposed and might pre- 

 occupy later valid names, as Garpophaga and Pogo- 

 nornis do. They would also be available in case the 

 name for which they are proposed be shown to be invalid 

 in itself, and under this category come some of Billberg's 

 valid names. 



As indeterminable must be classed Thrasys, Ghelarga, 

 Satyra, Gorydus, Pseudocorys, Philydra, Gapya, Abuceros, 

 Eurhynchus, Graugus, and Guleus. 



Richmond has given full explanatory notes and 

 suggestions regarding these names which, as regards 

 systematic work, simply rank- as nomina nuda. 



A strange introduction which, must be classed as 

 indeterminable is that of PlanorJiamphus for " Burrhinus 

 111. ? " Probably Billberg meant his name as a classical 

 emendation of lUiger's Burrhinus, and placed the query 

 to denote that he could not classify the genus accurately. 

 In this connexion should be noted Ohdicpriemus Cuvier, 



