26 GIBBS AND HOLMES. 
resent every class of distillery and distilling apparatus in use. 
The latter includes nearly every known type, from the usual pot 
or whisky still to the continuous stills, principally of French 
manufacture, employed in the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, 
and Manila; however, the great majority of the smaller establish- 
ments are equipped with stills of Manila manufacture of the 
simple pot or whisky type. Several types of stills from the 
primitive to the most modern are illustrated in plates at 
the end of this part of the article and also in some of the 
plates published in Part I. 
A few years ago there were in operation in the provinces 
about 600 primitive distilleries which have entirely disappeared 
except for purposes of illicit distillation. These were located in 
Albay, Ambos Camarines, Bataan, Cagayan, Capiz, Ilocos Sur, 
La Laguna, La Union, Moro, Pangasinan, Palawan, Samar, Su- 
rigao, Tayabas, and Zambales. 
The distilling apparatus consisted of a fire place, a pot and condenser in 
one, and a delivery tube for carrying off the distillate. The fire place was 
built of stones and mud and was usually without chimney for carrying off 
the smoke. The pot and condenser was composed of a wooden cylinder 
between two iron pans. The bottom pan rested on the fire place and the 
top pan was kept filled with cold water during the distilling operation and 
thus acted as a condenser. The vapors condensing on the convex under 
surface of the pan dropped into the delivery pipe of bamboo and were 
carried to the receiving vessel on the outside. The wooden cylinder com- 
posing the side walls of the still was often cut from a single log, and in 
the apparatus of larger capacity was built like a barrel with rattan hoops. 
The joints connecting the top and bottom with the metal vessels were made 
tight with mud, clay, rags, or any convenient material. The larger pots 
were connected with a lever, by means of which they were swung clear of 
the lower pan for purposes of cleaning and filling. The capacities varied 
from about 750 liters down to small portable stills used for illicit distilling, 
sometimes as small as 20 liters capacity. 
A larger apparatus is illustrated in Plate I. Small illicitly 
operated stills of this type are continually being discovered by 
the Internal Revenue Agents in out of the way parts of the 
country."® 
The distillates produced with this crude apparatus averaged 
about 25 per cent alcohol and seldom ran over 30 per cent. They 
were much prized by the natives of some localities and were 
preferred to gin, anisado, and other beverages of higher proof 
manufactured in more modern apparatus. This condition still 
exists in some portions of the Islands, although the tendency of 
*Further descriptions of primitive distilleries are found in Rep. Coll. 
Int. Rev. P. I., Rep. Phil. Comm. (1905), pt. 4, 168, 189, and 191. 
