﻿PARAGONIMIASIS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 19 



Suga (1881) found the infection in man in Japan, and in 1883 

 described the parasite as Distomum pulmonis. 



Manson made valuable original contributions to the subject in 1881, 

 1883, 1889, and 1893. He proposed parasitical hcemoptysis and endemic 

 haemoptysis as names for the disease and designated the parasite as Dis- 

 toma ringeri and Distoma pulmonale. Further information of value 

 has been furnished by Taylor (1884), Leuekart (1889), Yamagiwa (1890 

 and 1892), Stiles (1894, 1901, and 1904), Stiles and Hassall (1900), 

 Ward (1893 and 1895), Katsurada (1898 and 1900), Miura (1889), 

 and by a number of Japanese writers whose articles are not available. 

 Prominent among these are Otani, Taniguchi, Majima, Miyake, and 

 Matsui. 



The landmarks in the history of this parasite and the diseases caused 

 by it are as follows : 



The discovery of the parasite by Kerbert (1878) ; the discovery of the 

 parasite in Iranian beings by Einger (1879) ; the establishment of the 

 relation of the joarasite to the disease in man by Suga, Baelz, and Manson ; 

 the discovery of the more extensive distribution of the parasite and its 

 location in the brain, producing Jacksonian epilepsy, by Otani and 

 Yamagiwa; its discovery in the eye and lids by Taniguchi, Miyake, 

 and Matsui; the establishment of the zoological position of the parasite 

 by Stiles and Looss; the discovery of the infection in various animals, 

 i. e., in the tiger by Kerbert, 1878; the cat by Ward, 1894; the dog by 

 Eailliet, 1890, and the hog by Stiles, 1899; the discovery of the parasite 

 in the United States by Ward, and the elucidation of the pathology and 

 symptomatology of the disease by Manson, Baelz, Miura, and Katsurada. 



B. IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



Because of the geographic position of the Archipelago and the close 

 commercial and social intercourse between these Islands and Japan and 

 China., it has repeatedly been predicted that fluke infections would be 

 found here. Notwithstanding this expectation and the large amount 

 of clinical and anatomical work which has been done in the Philippines, 

 this is the first report of infections with P. ivestermanii Kerb, in the. Ar- 

 chipelago, either occurring in natives or foreigners. As was mentioned 

 in the introduction, there have been but two previous reports, of infection 

 by trematodes of any species in the Philippine Islands, these being of 

 single cases, one of opisthorchiasis and the other of schistosomiasis. 



I encountered my first case of paragonimiasis early in 1906 and since 

 that time have seen 16 others. The discovery of this number of cases 

 in less than one year by one observer does not, in my opinion, indicate 

 any exacerbation of the infection nor any change in the class of avail- 

 able material, but is due to a closer observation and study of that which 

 is at hand. Since becoming interested in this class of diseases and 



