﻿452 ASHBURN AND CRAIG. 



Second. That it can, at the present time, be differentiated from Tre- 

 ponema pallidum only by the consideration of the lesion from which 

 it is obtained, or by the inoculation of certain animals. 



Third. That its many forms in stained preparations are all explainable 

 on the supposition that it is a regular spiral, often deformed by the 

 forces or processes concerned in the spreading, drying and staining of 

 the smears. 



Fourth. That, as will be shown more fully in Part II of this paper, 

 the inoculation of serum containing this organism causes yaws in mon- 

 keys, and that the organism is again found in the lesions of the in- 

 oculated animals. 



Fifth. That Treponema pertenuis is the cause of yaws. 



PART II. 



THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OE YAWS IN MONKEYS. 



Historical. — The literature relating to the production of framboesia in monkeys 

 by the inoculation of material from the lesions of the disease is very limited 

 and so far as we have been able to determine Neisser, Baerman and Halberstadter, 

 working together in Batavia, Java, and C'astellani, in Colombo, Ceylon, have been 

 the only investigators to produce the disease in these animals. To Castellani 

 belongs the credit of demonstrating Treponema pertenuis in the experimental 

 lesions in monkeys, the other investigators mentioned not searching for the 

 organism, although, in their report they mention Castellani's discovery of a 

 spirochseta in the lesions in man. 



Neisser, Baerman and Halberstiidter (26) inoculated seven monkeys with serum 

 from yaws papules, the inoculation being made upon the breast and over the 

 eyebrow, by rubbing the infective material into small abrasions in the regions 

 mentioned. Framboesia developed in all of the animals, the incubation period 

 varying from thirteen to fourteen days in two Gibbons, to 96 days in Macaccus. 

 In the latter, five in all, the incubation period was twenty-two, thirty-one, sixty- 

 five, ninety-one and ninety-six days, respectively. So-called secondary lesions 

 developed in three of the animals, forty, forty-nine and seventy days after the 

 primary lesions had appeared, the authors stating that the secondary lesions 

 always appeared upon the site of the initial one and extended in a serpiginous 

 manner into the surrounding skin. They did not observe a generalized eruption in 

 any of the animals. They also inoculated seven monkeys [Macaeus nernestrin, M. 

 niger and M. cynomolgus) with material from yaws papules in monkeys suffering 

 from the disease. In only one of these animals (M. niger) inoculated from a M. 

 nernestrin, did the disease develop after an incubation period of thirty-four days. 



The authors then endeavored to produce the disease in monkeys by subcuta- 

 neous inoculation of a mixture of splenic juice, bone marrow and lymph glands 

 from a Gibbon suffering from yaws. They injected three M. cynomolgus, with 

 negative results in all. Inoculation of three monkeys of the same species with 

 splenic pulp and three with the bone marrow from an infected M. cynomolgus, 

 resulted in one of the three inoculated with bone marrow developing framboesia 

 after an incubation period of forty-four days. 



These investigators also demonstrated that monkeys successfully inoculated 

 with syphilis developed framboesia upon inoculation. In one instance a monkey 

 (M. niger) was inoculated upon April 17 with syphilis and developed the primary 

 syphilitic lesion upon May 13. On May 2S the same monkey was inoculated with 



