Biological Test for Blood. 335 



bloods and to test them with the anti-sera named. I have now 

 examined about 440 blood-samples and found my previous observa- 

 tions confirmed. 



To-day, I wish to briefly report upon the results I have obtained 

 on testing about 250 bloods of all classes of animals, vertebrates 

 chiefly, by means of other anti-sera which I have since succeeded 

 in producing, namely anti-sera for the blood of the pig, of the 

 fowl, for fowl's egg albumen, as well as anti-alligator, anti-turtle, 

 anti-frog, and anti-lobster serum. Whereas the first three have 

 already been obtained from rabbits by French and German 

 observers, the others are new. I am at present engaged in 

 preparing other anti-sera upon which I hope to report upon a 

 future occasion. 



Anti-pig serum has been found to produce a reaction only in 

 dilutions of pig's blood, no other bloods of Suidae having as yet 

 been examined. On the other hand, this anti-serum was observed 

 to produce a marked clouding in a number of mammalian bloods : 

 that of man, several species of monkey, bear, dog, opossum, 

 racoon, cat, coati, genet, stoat, rat, mouse. Only once did it 

 produce a very slight clouding in a non-mammalian blood. 

 (Experimental error 1 ?) 



Anti-fowl serum on the other hand has been found to behave 

 quite differently to the anti-sera for mammalian bloods, whose 

 action is limited — within time limits — to definite, and at times, 

 small groups of animals. Anti-fowl serum was found to produce 

 a reaction not only in solutions of fowl's blood, and that of the 

 closely related pheasant, turkey, etc., but also with the bloods 

 of widely divergent species, such as the parrot, various species of 

 duck, the woodcock, sheathbill, heron, eagle, owl, condor, pigeon, 

 a number of small passerines, as also that of the American rhea. 

 A marked clouding was moreover produced in the blood of the 

 swallow, rook, landrail, stork, swan, and African ostrich. What 

 I have termed a " marked clouding " is probably to be regarded as 

 an indication of a more remote relationship. In some cases a 

 slight reaction may be classified as but a clouding, this being due 

 to experimental errors which I hope with time to exclude, possibly 

 by quantitative methods of determination. Anti-fowl serum pro- 

 duced clouding in but one mammalian blood, and this may be due 

 to experimental error 1 . 



Anti-egg serum produced only a marked reaction in solutions 

 of the egg-albumen of the fowl, but a feeble reaction with the 

 blood of the fowl. It produced a marked clouding in dilutions of 

 the bloods of the parrot, swan, heron, stork, grebe, conure, crow, 

 emu, in dilutions of the white-of-egg of the emu, and in blood dilu- 



1 Blood samples, collected on filter-paper, sent me from other places may have 

 been in contact with other bloods. 



