126 ME. G. S. BRADY ON THE CEUSTACEAN FAUNA OF THE 



I have also Been specimens collected by the Rev. A. M. Norman 

 from Hartlepool, the coast of Somersetshire, and Guernsey. Mr. 

 Norman has also taken it in fresh water near Sedgefield, and 

 Professor T. Rupert Jones in brackish water ditches at Graves- 

 end, and in shell-sand on the Devonshire coast. I have found 

 it abundantly in mud from the Sea of Azoff, and sparingly in 

 gatherings from various places in the Levant. 



The confused synonymy of this species requires a few words 

 of explanation. The specific name torosa was originally applied 

 by Professor T. Rupert Jones to certain fossil carapaces found 

 at Grays, in Essex, which we now know to be identical with the 

 more recently described Cythere lacustris of G. 0. Sars. But 

 after preparing his first description. Professor Jones found, in 

 ditches of brackish water at Gravesend, living specimens which 

 he supposed to belong to the same species as his torosa. These 

 were referred to in his "Monograph of the Tertiary Entomos- 

 traca," published in 1856, as Cyp^'ideis torosa. In a short paper 

 published by myself [loc. cit.) in 1864, I adopted this view, de- 

 cribing the recent salt-marsh species under the name Cyprideis 

 torosa. But in the preparation of my recently published " Mon- 

 ograph of the Recent British Ostracoda," having had the ad- 

 vantage of reference to the original type specimens of C. torosa, 

 I found that they (the specimens from Grays) were specifically 

 distinct from the recent brackish water species, and at the same 

 time I became aware that G. 0. Sars, not having access to Pro- 

 fessor Jones's "Monograph," had described the original C. torosa 

 from living specimens, under the name Cythere lacustris, and had 

 also followed me in referring the smoother littoral species to C. 

 torosa, Jones. Under these circumstances, wishing to avoid the 

 needless introduction of fresh specific names, I proposed in my 

 "Monograph" to retain the name torosa for the species which 

 had already been recognised under that term by G. 0. Sars and 

 myself, as also in part by Professor Jones, allowing Sars's name 

 lacustris to stand for the fresh-water torose form. I was not 

 then aware, as I now learn from Mr. Jones, that his description 

 of the carapace was made wholly from the fossil specimens (from 

 Grays), and the reference to the recent form (Gravesend) was 



