TRAINING OF GEOLOGISTS 237 



COMPARISON WITH J893-9.', CONDITIONfi 



A comparison of changes in opportunities for the study of geology in 

 the universities and colleges of the United States between the years 1894 

 and 1920 may be vividly shown by a comj)arison of our figures with those 

 of T. C. Hopkins^ for the year 1893-91. Forty-nine more colleges offered 

 geology in 1920 than in 1891, an increase of 13 per cent, and 60 more 

 had separate departments, an increase of 115 per cent. Fewer colleges 

 offered geology in 16 States in 1920 than in 1891, but in no case did a 

 State show fewer separate departments. The former may be looked on 

 as a healthy condition and may well indicate merely greater frankness on 

 the part of many small colleges. The gain in separate departments prob- 

 ably is even greater than indicated, for Hopkins seems to have been over- 

 lenient in liis interpretation of what constitutes a department. For 

 instance, to bring Massachusetts" total to eight, several colleges giving not 

 over a year of geology were included, so far as can be judged from his 

 discussion. 



Pennsylvania furnishes a striking change for the better. In 1891 the 

 State. was credited with no separate college department, while in 1920 she 

 had six, all of considerable strength. Ohio shows fully as striking a 

 change by a decided gain in the number of smaller institutions. The 

 development of separate departments in State institutions is also notice- 

 able. Eutgers College and State-supported universities of twenty States 

 (Vermont, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Ten- 

 nessee, Iowa, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, 

 Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and 

 Washington) all register a decided increase in the appreciation of 

 geology.* 



2 T. C. Hopkins : Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1893-95, pp. S19 et seq. 

 Washington, 1896. 



* For changes within the science itself, particularly in attention given applied geology, 

 the reader may be referred to the paper by A. H. Brooks in the Journal Washington 

 Academy of Sciences, vol. II, 1912. pp. 23-48, and to the chapter in the present article 

 dealing with research. Brooks' article was republished in the Smithsonian Annual Re- 

 port, 1912, pp. 329-352. 



