BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 



Vol. 32, pp. 339-348 SEPTEMBER 1, 1921 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



METHODS OF DETEEMIXING THE EELATIONSHIPS OF 

 MAEINE INVERTEBEATE FOSSIL FAUNAS ^ 



BY CPIARLES SCHUCHERT ^ 



(Read before the Paleontological Society December 29, 1920) 



CONTENTS 



Page 



The problem stated 339 



Taunal radiation 341 



Faunal provinces and realms i 342 



Early Paleozoic provinces 342 



Devonian provinces 343 



Lovs^er Devonian faunas 343 



Austral Devonian realm 344 



The continent Gondwana 345 



Boreal Devonian realm 346 



Summation 347 



The Problem Stated 



When the question is asked, "How does one arrive at the conclusion 

 that there are fossil faunas of Atlantic or Pacific, European, Asiatic, or 

 South American origins ?" we paleontologists are guided in our answer 

 by the principles made use of by zoogeographers, the students of the con- 

 tinuous or discontinuous distribution of living animals. We know, for 

 example, that at present humming-birds are to be found only in America, 

 and chiefly in Central and South America; that mammals with solid 

 horns or, better, with antlers are common to all the JSTorthern Hemisphere, 

 but that those with hollow horns, like the antelopes, are in greatest abun- 

 dance in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Africa is also known for its 

 elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, lions, monkeys, and apes; 



1 Manuscript received by the Secretary of tlie Society March 3, 1921. 

 This paper is one of a series composing a "Symposium on criteria and methods em- 

 ployed in paleontological research." 

 - Read by F. P.. Loomis. 



(339) 



