SCALE INSECTS OF IMPORTANCE 327 



the whitish remnants of young scales, as frequently seen in the European 

 fruit scale before the insects are disturbed by abrasion of any kind. 

 The young scales of this species may be almost white or pinkish, as 

 shown in figures 1-4, their edges are sharply defined, the dot and ring are 

 present, but there is rarely the oval, white nipple surrounded by a grayish, 

 specked scale almost continuous with the bark, as in the European fruit 

 scale ; neither are the young as dark, nor as flattened as are those of the 

 pernicious scale. The half-grown young have the appearance repre- 

 sented in figure 5. The adult female scales, which are about -iV inch in 

 diameter, are shown natural size in a mass in figure 6 and more enlarged 

 in figure 7, which latter also represents a rather characteristic shape of 

 this scale when it occurs in masses. Figure 9 illustrates a female scale 

 as it may develop when comparatively isolated. A rather irregular male 

 scale is represented in figure 8. The adult female and the active young 

 are shown very much enlarged in figures 10 and it. 



Life history. This insect, like the preceding, passes the winter in 

 a partly grown, though usually more mature, condition. There is but a 

 single generation. The studies of Mr Putnam, in Iowa, show that the 

 males appear there the latter part of April, and that the female deposits 

 from 30 to 40 eggs in the late spring or early summer. The crawling 

 young of this species may be seen during most of July, in the lati- 

 tude of Albany, indicating that the hatching of the eggs extends over a 

 considerable period. Prof. Johnson states that this species may cause a 

 purplish tinge in green tissue, but it is not so marked as with the San 

 Jose scale. I have not observed this discoloration in New York state. 



Food plants. This species has been recorded on a number of plants. 

 Prof Comstock has found it on ash, beech, bladdernut, hackberry, linden, 

 maple, oak, Osage orange, peach, and water locust. Dr Lintner has re- 

 ceived it on apple and red currant — on the latter it is sometimes very 

 abundant, and he has also seen it on olive, evidently from a greenhouse at 

 Jamaica (L. I.) It has also been recorded on cherry, plum, elm and 

 willow. Prof. Johnson attributes the killing of an English oak in Illinois 

 to this scale insect. It has been received from this state by Dr Howard 

 on pin oak and hemlock. It also occurs on mountain ash, pear, nectar- 

 ine, Ilex verticillata. Ilex laevigata, white birch, P r u n u s, 

 American elm and on hawthorn in West Virginia. 



Distribution. This insect has been recorded from the following 

 states, Kansas, Iowa, Michigan, and New York, and from Washington 

 (D. C.) R. A. Cooley found it to be one of the most common species in 



