^;^6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Hunter, S. J. Coccidae of Kansas. Kan. univ. quarterly. Jan. 

 1899. 8 : ii-i 2 (critical notes). 



King, G. B. Two new coccids from Bermuda. Psyche. 8 : 350 

 (in Massachusetts greenhouses); Bibliography of MassaK:husetts Cocci- 

 dae. Can. ent. 1900. 32:12 (same); Coccidae of the ivy. 1900. 



32 : 214-15 (list of species, synonymy). 



Remedial measures against armored scale insects 



The recommendations on the following pages are based very 

 largely on experiences with the pernicious, or San Jose scale, and in a 

 number of cases they are advised only for that insect. Measures found 

 effective against this pest can hardly fail to give satisfactory results when 

 used under similar conditions against the other species treated. The ex- 

 perience of the last few years has demonstrated that in certain sections of 

 this state nothing but continuous fighting will prevent serious damage 

 to orchards infested by the pernicious, or San Jose scale. 



Only contact insecticides of value. It hardly seems necessary 

 to dwell on this subject. It is quite well understood that scale insects 

 draw their sustenance from the underlying plant tissues through a slender 

 proboscis or haustellum. This method of feeding renders it impossible 

 to kill the pests by using paris green or other stomach or internal poisons. 

 The only way to get at these creatures is to apply to them some substance 

 which will kill by contact, and even this, in the case of the armored 

 scales and some others, is difficult on account of the protective covering 

 which may shield the insect to a considerable extent. There are plenty 

 of substances which will kill these pests, but the difficulty is to find some- 

 thing which will not at the same time injure the tree. The cost of 

 material and its effect on the apparatus employed must also be considered. 



Whale oil soap. The winter or early spring treatment for the per- 

 nicious, or San Jose scale appears to be the most effectual and satis- 

 factory. The infested trees should first of all be trimmed back severely. 

 This not only economizes in the amount of material necessary, but ren- 

 ders it possible to give more effectual treatment. Thorough spraying with 

 a potash whale oil soap solution, using 2 pounds to a gallon of water and 

 applying it just before the buds open, will check this pest severely and 

 will not injure the trees. This treatment is perfectly safe, and, if 

 thoroughly carried out, quite satisfactory, but, judging from our experi- 

 ence, it can not be relied on to kill all the scales. It should prove 

 equally effective against the allied species of A s p i d i o t u s . It is 



