188 Bird - Lore 



ern hemisphere are just the reverse of those in the northern. At any point in 

 the North Temperate region, then, we may take the census of the bird-popula- 

 tion during the year as follows: 



i. Permanent Residents (P. R.). 



2. Winter Residents (W. R.). 



3. Winter Visitants (W. V.). 



4. Regular Transients (R. T.). 



5. Irregular Transients (I. T.). 



6. Summer Residents (S. R.). 



7. Summer Visitants (S. V.). 



8. Accidental or Casual Visitants (Ace. or Cas.). 



9. Introduced* Species (In.). 



It will be worth our while to review these different kinds of bird-tourists, 

 in order that we may better appreciate the meaning of a bird's home. 



Permanent Residents (P. R.) are species which both nest and find their 

 food throughout the year in a given locality. Individuals of such species 

 may roam about some, but at any time, winter or summer, spring or fall, you 

 will find the species marked P. R. in your vicinity. Look up the Chickadee, 

 Blue Jay, Crow and Downy Woodpecker, and find out whether they belong 

 in this category so far as your locality is concerned. 



Winter Residents (W. R.) are species that come south to your latitude 

 each winter for food, but which go north again at the approach of spring, to 

 nest. In New England, the Junco and Tree Sparrow are regular winter resi- 

 dents. How far west are they found during the cold months? 



W. V. stands for Winter Visitants, or those species which may visit your 

 vicinity at irregular times each winter, or which may come south to your 

 latitude only now and then during many years. Look up the Redpoll, Pine 

 Grosbeak, Evening Grosbeak, Snowy Owl, and the American Rough -legged 

 Hawk. Notice particularly what kinds of food Winter Residents and Winter 

 Visitants eat. 



Turning now to species which come from the south to pass through or 

 visit your vicinity, we find a great many of the former, which are called 

 Regular Transients or Migrants. 



Regular Transients (R. T.) vary much in the length of the spring and fall 

 journeys which they make every year; so much indeed, that you must study 

 the trips of each species separately, in order to get a good idea of where the 



*Note. — Introduced species must first become acclimatized and used to their new 

 environment before moving about extensively in any direction. The English Sparrow 

 is a permanent resident throughout the United States. What the Starling will do it is 

 hard to say just yet, but it will doubtless spread and become a permanent resident 

 wherever it goes. It has been described as "a citizen of the world," from its wide 

 distribution and adaptability to different climates and environments. 



