550 GRAV. 



Prof. Goodwin of Harvard, in his " relation of the optative to 

 the subjunctive and other moods " (Appendix i. of his ' Greek 

 moods and tenses,' 371— 389, edit. 1893). Thus Goodwin says, 

 389: 'Its (the optative's) relation tO' the subjunctive. . .is 

 substantially that of a ' remoter future.' " The gulf between the 

 views of these two scholars seems to me to be more apparent 

 than real. Goodwin in particular seems to be a little too nice in 

 his distinction between " will " and " wish." " Will " and " wish '' 

 in my judgment denote nothing more or less than different grades 

 of desire, which itself of necessity impHes future time. I empha- 

 size this point, because, if it be granted, a synthesis of the views 

 of Delbriick and Goodwin appears not impossible. I feel, then, 

 little hesitation in adopting Delbriick's hypothesis. This will 

 lead to the following classification of the uses of the subjunctive 

 and optative (Vgl. Synt. ii., 374, cf Gebrauch des Conj. und Opt. 

 16-17; Bartholomae Altiran. Verb. 181. See also the classifi- 

 cation of Goodwin, 375, 388, and compare Elmer, Studies in 

 Latin Moods and Tenses, Cornell Studies in Class. Philology 

 vi., 175-231, Bennett, ibid., ix., 31-47): 



a. Subjunctive=Will b. Optative=Wish 



J Volitative Subjunctive J Prescriptive Optative 



I Prospective " \ Potential " 



Both the subjunctive and the optative, like the imperative, 

 seem to have stood originally only in positive sentences. Their 

 equivalent in negative sentences was the injunctive. 



The conditional sentences fall into two main divisions, and 

 each of these is to be divided in its turn into two classes. First 

 of all, conditions are (i) real, (2) ideal. The real conditions 

 fall into the two classes of (i) logical conditions ("if he goes, it 

 is well"), (2) anticipatory conditions ("if he shall go, it will be 

 well"). The ideal conditions are either (i) possible conditions 

 ("if he should go, it would be well") or (2) unfilled conditions 

 ("if he had gone, it would have been well "). The logical con- 

 ditions have the indicative (or the injunctive) in the protasis ; 

 the anticipatory conditions contain the subjunctive in the pro- 

 tasis. 



