552 GRAY. 



With regard to my translations I have systematically rendered 

 the subjunctive by "may" or "shall," and the optative by 

 "might" or "should." Of these alternative renderings I have 

 used " may " for what I regarded as the volitative subjunctive, and 

 "shall" for the prospective. Similarly "might" translates the 

 potential optative, and "should" the prescriptive. For an oc- 

 casional violation of the English usage of " shall " and " will " I 

 must plead the necessities of a scientific uniformity in so delicate 

 a problem as the mutual relations of the moods. I have 

 rendered the injunctive in all cases by "is to," and the future in- 

 dicative by "will." While it is quite evident that the subjunc- 

 tive and the optative are sometimes used in the conditional sen- 

 tence with iterative force (cf. Jolly, Conj. u. Opt. 43-45, 59, 102, 

 85, 94; Bartholomae, Altiran. Verb. 188, 190-191, 194, 212, 

 216 ; KZ. xxviii., 37 ; Sprachgeschichte ii., 127 ; Jackson, Proc. 

 A. O. S. xvii., 187 and especially the examples in his forthcoming 

 Avestan syntax ; cf. also the use of the subjunctive and the op- 

 tative in Greek general conditions, Goodwin Greek moods and 

 tenses 170 seqq., and the iterative subjunctive in Latin, Gilder- 

 sleeve-Lodge Latin Gramm. 364), I have thought it best not to 

 disturb the uniformity of my renderings for the sake of this 

 special shade of meaning. It will, I hope, be readily deducible 

 in all cases where it occurs, even from my translations. 



In the discussion of the conditional sentence in the Avesta 

 seventy-eight examples have been considered. Twenty-eight of 

 these are Logical, thirty-three Anticipatory, nine Possible, and 

 three Unfulfilled. The five remaining examples are conditions 

 whose Protasis contains no finite verb. With regard to the por- 

 tions of the texts whence the passages considered have been 

 taken, twenty-four sentences are from the Gathas, fifty-four from 

 the Younger Avesta. Of the latter two are from the verse Yasna, 

 four from the prose Yasna, one from mixed prose and verse 

 Yasna. Nine are from the verse Yasts, four from the prose Yasts, 

 six from mixed prose and verse Yasts. The Vendidad gives 

 twenty-eight examples, all but one in prose. The data with re- 

 gard to the Apodosis are as follows : Logical Conditions with 

 Indicative in the Apodosis ten, Subjunctive six, Optative two, In- 



