388 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin 



our race in any bleak institutional orderliness. There will still be 

 mountains and the sea, there will be jungles and great forests, cared 

 for indeed, and treasured and protected; the great plains will still 

 spread before us and the wild winds blow. But men will not hate so 

 much, fear so much, nor cheat so desperately — and they will keep 

 their minds and bodies cleaner." 



3. Original or virgin conditions are particularly suitable for teach- 

 ing and for scientific study (Adams, '08, p. 147; '13, pp. 23-35), 

 because they are relatively simpler and less confused than when man 

 interrupts the natural order by his confusion and destruction (cf. 

 Sumner, '20; Shelf ord, '20). We have learned that the natural 

 behavior of animals in nature is very different from those caged 

 and in confinement. Our large animals are of the greatest interest 

 in our parks, and any complete scientific knowledge of them neces- 

 sitates that they be studied in the wild state. The public must there- 

 fore provide the proper conditions for them in order to derive the 

 most from them, both from a popular and a scientific standpoint 

 (cf. Hahn, '13, p. 171). No animal can be thoroughly understood 

 independent of its normal environment. It is therefore not enough 

 merely to preserve these animals in zoological parks and in cages. 

 Confined animals have a great educational value, without doubt, but 

 they are not an adequate substitute for wild animals in nature. There 

 must also be a permanent wild supply to maintain the zoological 

 gardens of the world. 



Although there are considerable areas of the National Forests 

 which are likely to remain virgin wilderness, this is not a sufficient 

 guarantee that we will have all we need. The chances are that in 

 the near future silvicultural foresters will, with increasing empha- 

 sis, strive to retain valuable examples of representative virgin for- 

 ests within our National forests and State forests, in their original 

 condition for special study. These areas will also act as preserves 

 for many animals, but they will not necessarily provide for the 

 larger animals unless they coincide, as they well might, with wild 

 life preserves. Some foresters have already observed the need of a 

 forest "wilderness" as a part of the recreational policy of the 

 National Forests (Leopold, '21), and others for the purpose of 

 teaching and investigation (Ashe, '22; Pearson, '22), and if such 

 areas give complete protection to both plants and animals great prog- 

 ress will be made. The grazing of domestic animals must be restricted 

 or excluded from such preserved areas or the herbaceous vegetation 

 will soon be greatly modified (Korstian, '21). The experiences in the 



