“ ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINEH. 51 
“Tyros is the Greck for a ‘knot’; the verb from it (rvasw) 
==‘to make callous,’ then=—to ‘ grow "ha rd’ or ‘ callous,’ and also 
to get ‘knotted’ or ‘knobbed.” Your word Zyloses is pure Greek, 
riawais, used by Galen for ‘ a becoming callous.’ As to the derivation, 
e e thing is from rian, .which means, first, a lump, and is 
connected with the Sanskrit tu, tdume (to grow, increase), and Latin 
tuber, tumeo, tumulus. By some freaks of Grimm’s law this word 
gets mixed up with another Greek set of words, woa(ajsoua:, to get 
hardened (a similar meaning), and then with ,«Jan, which means 
(1) a hard thing, (2) a millstone, (3) a mill (Latin ‘mola ; English, 
mill). The ‘ tye’ form of the root does not existin Latin The mean- 
ing appears to be either the filling up and hardening of the vessel by 
the cells, or the cells coming through the vessel ‘like iron knots on a 
club’ (which is a Greek use of the word riaos).” Ete my attention 
a 
yer 
November, I have seen it in the stems of many plants, especially in 
those Malthe an open structure, such as the Bignoniacee, &c.—JoHN 
SapLer 
Extracts and Wbhstrarts. 
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF 
GRAMINEA, 
By Pa. van TreeHem. 
Tue author in paooulagey 2 to trace the anatomical passage from 
the fiat root to the stem in Monocotyledons was forced to study the 
mode of insertion of gr first leaf in Grasses, and here gives the 
results of his investigations 
The anatomical details are prefaced by a full oreo of the 
opinions held by different writers as to the nature of the parts of the 
embryo in Grasses. For these s th purposely pA i terms 
which do not convey any opinion of their nature. He calls that portion 
of the embryo applied to the albumen, and having for its function its 
liquefaction and absorption, the scutel/wm (écusson), a term by 
Gaertner and subsequent authors, and derived from wo signe of the 
organ. With Mirbel the little tongue opposite to lum 
is called the lobule, and the covering of the gemmale “the aoa: 
The views of various botanists are summed up as follow 
the first view the scutellum is the aK cotyledon ; the 
; esas lobule is a second indepemien® leaf; the pileola a leaf 
at 180 degrees to the second ; and so th e first green leaf of the plant 
; urpin, &e.) 
second, the scutellum is still the cotyledon, but the 
lobule is a portion of it ; the pileola is the secon 0: embryo;. 
and the first green leaf is the third leaf of the plantlet (Schleiden, 
Schacht, Decaisne, &c.) 
** In the third, it is the pileola which represents the whole coty- 
ledon, the scutellum and lobule being merely expansions of the caulicle 
or radi¢le ; the first green leaf is here he second apnenieee * the plant 
f 
