THE LICHENS OF PERTHSHIRE 11 
made to draw up lists of species for the various classes 
_ met with in this zone, either in natural or artificial sei 
ns. ey will be found to some extent indicated in the 
list of specie 
acu may also be drawn to a group of species found 
hare on the damp, shaded rocks of ravines, or on large boulders 
by streams and near waterfalls. They form a community of 
Soi ving chomophytes in association with a number of —— 
and sai ote the —— varying with the kind of ro 
Amongst the species may be included :—Collema oe 
C. furvum, Sunaahabiaete multipartitum, Pilophorus cereolus, 
Stictina fuliginosa, S. sylvatica, Peltidea aphthosa, Solorina 
scenes . spongiosa, Peltigera rufescens var. pretextata, P. hori- 
ontalis, Pannaria nebulosa, P nea, Leproloma lanuginosa, 
Fscaiwne coccinea, Cornogonium ebeneum, Racodiwm rupestre, 
Gyalecta peice Bacid a flavovirescens, Opegrapha zonata, 
Porina lect a, Verrucaria nigrescens. 
Of more 5 dewided hydrophyllous tendency than the above there 
are a few species which share the bed of the stream with such 
uranic bryophytes as oe Grimmia apocarpa, Fontinalis, 
Hyocomium, and Scapan The rocks on which they grow are 
e 
tion without apparent injury. These amphibious lithophytes are 
represented by Lichina aes Collema fluviatile, Aspicilia 
lacustris, A. epulotica, Bacidia wmundata, Rhizocarpon lavatum, 
R. petreum, Lecidea contigua, L. albocwrulescens, Dermatocarpon 
miniatum var. complicatum, D. aquaticum, Verrucaria levata, 
V. ethiobola, and V. margacea. Some of these come down with 
treams from the higher zone. 
II.—The Zone of closed Moorland ee which may be 
more briefly termed the subalpine zone, embraces all the hilly 
—— between that already considered and the arctic-alpine 
one. It occupies a large proportion of the pes oa of Perthshire, 
aia has been only very imperfectly explore n the lower parts 
there are tracts of heathland, which, where the soil lies thinly 
over the subjacent rocks, often extend downwards into the — 
zone. These heathlands of lower altitudes do not, however 
present be classed with the more oar e groups. Ac cording to 
W. G. Smith, sa yn heathland may be divided into three 
paige viz. those of Pinewoods, Birchwoods, and Calluna 
00 ss idler ies tracts of grass-moor lead up to the 
amie alias. zon 
acies of ‘the lichen-flora of the Pinetum is strikingly 
different from that of the deciduous woods, and the list shows a 
considerable number of species peculiar to it. Some of the pine- 
woods are pasties to be natural, but in on majority of instances 
the trees are planted. In these latter woods spruce and larch 
trees pruene a similar flora to that of ne: native pine. The pine- 
