THE FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21 



system was adopted almost immediately by the leading botanists of tlie world, 

 and the Natural System has from that time prevailed over the artifi'^ial Sexual 

 System of Linnaeus. 



Before this time nearly all botanical publications relative to the flora of North 

 America had been made by foreigners. From this time on, at least as far 

 as the United States and Canada are concerned, the bulk of the published 

 works is from the hands of native Americans. During this period lived here the 

 following botanists: Nuttall, A. Eaton, Sehweinitz, Barton, Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 

 Torrey, Beck, Riddell, Engelmann, Darlington, Elliott, and Gray. Douglas and 

 Drummond made their trips across the continent. E. Meyer explored Labrador; 

 de la Pylaie Canada; Scoresby, Ross, Parry, and Richardson the Arctic regions; 

 Maycock, Ehrenberg, and ilacfadyen the West Lidies; Have, Lexarza, Schiede, 

 Deppe, Moricand, Hartweg, and Ehrenberg Mexico. 



None of the Scandinavian botanists visited the northern part of the continent 

 proper, and none wrote specially on the flora of the United States or Canada; 

 but two of the most prominent Swedish botanists published works in which 

 numerous North .\merican plants are described. These were: 



Carl Adolf Agardh was born at B&stad, Sweden, the 23rd of 

 January, 1785, received his Ph. D. in 1805, became decent at 

 Lund in 1807 and professor in 1812, was appointed bishop of 

 Karlstad, where he died the 28th of Januar3', 1859. He was an 

 ardent student of sea-weeds, and can be called the father of alg'ol- 

 ogy. His work was continued by his son, Jacob Georg. The elder 

 Agardh has, as far as the writer knows, published nothing that 

 bears exclusively on American botany; but in his principal works 

 he describes many American plants. These works are: 



Species algorum, 1820. 



Syetema algorum, 1824. 



EUas Magnus Fries was born at Femsjo, Sm&land, Sweden, 

 the 15th of August, 1792, received his Ph. D. degree in 1814, be- 

 came d6cent at Upsala in 1814, and professor and director of the 

 Botanical Garden in 1851— '63. He died at Upsala the Sth of 

 February, 1878. The place Agardh held in algology. Fries can 

 be said with fully as good a right to have held in mj^cology. It is 

 especially the higher fungi, . and above all the Hymenomycetes, 

 which have been treated with a master's hand by him. In his 

 large works we find many American species described, and still 

 more that are common tu the Old and the New World. 



Systema mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species, 1821 — '29. 

 With a supplement, 1830— '32. 



Library Publications, 2. 



