24 SCANDINAVIANS AND 



Hans Balizar Hornbeck was born the 9th of January. 1800, 

 at Copenhagen. In 1829 he took his ehirur^lcal examination, 

 and went out the same year as ship-surgeon on the government 

 vessel ''Diana", to the West Indies. Two years later he took his 

 examination as doctor of medicine and moved to St. John as prac- 

 ticing physician. He returned to Denmark in 1844, and died in 

 1870. He was an ardent collector, and corresponded much with 

 Prof, Schouw in Copenhagen. 



Johan Emanuel Wikstr'om was born at Yenersborg, Sweden, the 

 1st of November, 1789, became doctor of medicine in 1817, and- 

 was director of the Botanical Museum at Stockholm in 1818 — '56. 

 He died the 4th of May, 1856. For many years he published 

 ''Ofversigt af Svenska Tetenskapsakademiens handlingar." There 

 are numerous publications from his hand, but only the following, 

 as far as the writer knows, refer to American botany. They were 

 principally based on the collections made by Dr. Fahlberg, Eu- 

 phrasen. Richard. I'Herminier, Bertero, and Forstrom. 



Ofversigt af on Sanct Bartbelemis flora (6 new species], 1826. 



Ofversigt af on Guadeloupes flora (21 new species), 1828. 



Enumeration of Plants of St. Eustacbe and Saba. 



Den amerikauska Agaves eller den sk kallade htindra&riga aloens natural- 

 historia. 



6. HOOKERIAN PERIOD, 1840-1889. 



The appearance of Hooker's Flora Boreali- Americana, 1829 — '1^0, and about 

 the same time of Torrey and Gray's Flora of Xorth America, 1 838 — "4.3, marks the 

 beginning or rather the end of a period, at least as far as North American botany 

 is concerned. These two books represent the work done during the Candollean 

 period of two deeennia of most active work. The new period was also an active 

 one, for during this were undertaken the botanical explorations connected with 

 the Mexicjin boundary survey, the Pacific RaOroad surveys and Hayden's geolog- 

 ical surveys. Xuttall, Torrey, and Engelmann were still at work during 'the earlier 

 part. C. C. Parry. Hall and Harbour, Bigelow, TVatson, Thnrber, Wolf, Porter, 

 Coulter, Palmer. Brandegee, Lemmon, Bolander, Kellogg, Greene, etc., were ex- 

 ploring the West; Palmer and Pringle began their work in ilexico, and the Ma- 

 couns, father and son, theirs in Canada. The systematic part, at least on the 

 flowering plants, passed over almost exclusively to one institution, viz. Harvard, 

 where Gray was the leading spirit. 



Bentham and Hooker's Genera Planfanim, in which was inaugurated mod- 

 ifications and improvements on the Candollean system of classification, appeared 

 about the middle of this period, 1862 — '83. It would hardly be advisable to as- 

 sign as the beginning of a new period the time when this appeared: for the "Ben- 

 tham-Hookerian system" differs in no essential respect from that of De CandoUe 



