38 SCANDINAVIANS AND 



7. ENGLERIAN PERIOD, 1889 . 



In 1889 appeared the first fascicle of Engler and PrantFs NatuerliscTien Pflant- 

 zenfamilien. and three years later Adolph Engler's Syllabus. The former [not yet 

 completed] gives an an extensive account of all families and genera of plants, not 

 only the flowering plants, as the Genera Planiurum of Bentham and Hooker and 

 their predecessors. It was in this that the Englerian system of classification was 

 first used, and it was in the Syllabus that it was first given in fuU. The Englerian 

 system differs mainly from those of Bentham and Hooker and of deCandolle in 

 the fact that Engler begins with the lower plants and advances from lower to 

 higher forms, while the other systems begin with some of the higher families and 

 proceed to the more simple ones. The names of the families are in most cases 

 retained, but their relative position in many instances considerably changed. 

 As the general aiTangement of families and genera is much more natural than in 

 other systems, Engler's system is now adopted at the leading institutions of this 

 country. In individual cases the arrangement could be improved, and in some 

 cases it is not as good as in the two preceding systems. 



About the time that this system was made public, the two leading botanists 

 of this country passed away, A. Gray in 1888, and S. "Watson in 1892. This in 

 itself might have been regarded as the end of a period, for the prominence of es- 

 pecially the former had been so great that the work of almost everyone else had 

 been overshadowed. Now came a period of general comradeship and good-feeling, 

 in which the tendency is: "Let also the smaller lights shine." To mention all the 

 workers during the last eighteen years would be impossible, and it would be with- 

 out the scope of this paper. During this period not only the Scandinavians on the 

 other side of the Atlantic have taken an active part in American botany; there 

 has grown up also a set of men in this country who have made no small contribu- 

 tion to the knowledge of North American botany, consisting partly of Scandina- 

 vians who in younger days immigrated, and partly of the sons of immigrants. 



A. United States and Canada. 



a. ScANDrN'AYIANS. 



cNjts Conrad Ktndberg was born at Karlstad the 7th of August, 

 1832. He took his Ph. D. degree in 1857, and became lector at 

 the College of Linkoping 1860 — 1900. He is one of the leading 

 bryologists in the world. He is a productive writer. The publi- 

 cations relative to North American botany given below (and .this 

 list is very likely not complete) can not by any means be compared 

 in number with the works on Old World br^'ology. 



Enumeratio muscorum qui in Grnenlandia, Islandia- et Fseroer occurrunt, 

 1888. 



Bidrag till kannedom om Canada-omrSdets mossflora, 1890. 



Checklist of European and North American Mosses {Bryinew), 1894. 



New or less knoAvn species of Pleurocarpous Mosses from North America and 

 Europe, 1895. 



