50 THE SAND STRAND FLORA 



Poisson, Sauvage, de Vasselot, and de Vicq have studied the conditions 

 of the dunes on the northern coast of France. 



Among authors on the Landes of Gascony may be mentioned Brown, 

 Chambrelent, Dulignon-Desgranges, Duregne, Engler, Fabre, Geneau- 

 Lamarliere, Goursand, Grandjean, Houtreaux, Laval, and McNaugliton. 



Mahault and Combres have made valuable observations on the dunes 

 of Southern Prance. Daveau, and especially Willkomni, have written 

 upon the subject as regards the Iberian jjcninsula. Borgesen in a brief 

 article discussed the sand strand vegetation in Southern Spain. 



The sandy beaches on the coast of Norway are touched upon in the 

 works of Blytt, Holmboe, Norman, and Wille. The coastal sands of the 

 British Isles have been to some extent studied by Bailey, Dowker, Eob. 

 Smith, Thompson, and Whilden as regards the flora, while Cornish has 

 carefully investigated their origin and development. 



The sand floras of the interior of the European continent we find 

 referred to in the extensive literature on the steppe formation. Borbas 

 described the sand vegetation of the plains of Hungary, and Adamovic 

 the sand steppes of Servia. 



Prom the Mediterranean shores of Africa there are studies by Parrau 

 and S'erres, and from the dunes of Italy by Sprenger and Tommasini. 



Volkens" important work on the flora of the Arabian desert, although 

 treating of "island sands, contains a rich supply of suggestions on the 

 adaptation of psammophile plants. 



Other writers on the sand deserts of Northern Africa are Jordan, 

 Kotschy, Eiston, EoUand, Schirmer and Walther, the latter having made 

 an especially careful study of the formation of dunes. 



During Nordenskiold's A'ega-expedition Kjellman studied the coast 

 flora of Siberia. 



In the works of Hedin on his explorations in Central Asia we find 

 much valuable information on the sand desert of Gobi and the dune 

 vegetation of that region, and other travelers have described continental 

 dunes from various other parts of Asia. Helman wrote about the dunes 

 in Chiwa, Nalivkin on those of Ferganah, Eadde on the dune vegetation 

 of certain parts of Caucasus. 



The extensive sand dunes of India have caused considerable trouble 

 to cultivation, and the sand binding plants of that country have been 

 referred to by Clark, Duthie, and Cleghorn. 



Schimper gives in his "Indomalayische Strandflora" a valuable 

 treatise on the vegetation and flora of the coastal sand, and in his 



