OF MARINE COASTS. 51 



"Pflanzengeographie"" the subject is extensively treatctl with reference 

 to different regions. 



Karsten wrote (1891) more especially about the mangrove-vegetation 

 of the Indo-malayan achipelago, and Goebel treated the strand flora of 

 tropical Asia. 



In South 4frica Thode made a good study of the coast flora, and 

 Werth has described the sand strand vegetation of the Zanzibar Island. 



The extensive coastal and interior sand formations of the Austra- 

 lian continent have attracted only little attention by scientific writers 

 so far. We have to note briefer articles by Benbow, Boyd, ilaiden, and 

 Walter Smith. 



The New Zealand dunes have been studied by Cheeseman, Cockayne, 

 and Kirk. Diels also wrote on certain ecological features of the flora. 

 He had not, however, himself visited these islands, but based his study 

 on collections, and on information by Dr. Cockayne. The latter made 

 valuable observations on the sand flora also on Enderby, and Chatham 

 islands, and he recently published an excellent paper on the dune flora 

 of the eastern coast of the Middle Island of Few Zealand. 



Kurtz and Eeiche have briefly treated the sand flora of Chili. On 

 the sand dunes of the Pacific coast of North America nothing is written 

 except some brief notes by Davy, Lamb, and McKenney. 



The extensive dune formations on the Atlantic coast of the United 

 States, and their flora, have been the subject of study of several writers, 

 as Britton, Gifford, Harshberger, Jelliffe, Mohr, Eoss, Eothrock, West- 

 gate, and Webber. The ecological study of the strand vegetation of 

 North Carolina by Kearny is an excellent piece of work. Lloyd and 

 Tracy have treated the insular flora of Mississippi and Louisiana. 



The flora of the interior sand hills of North America has been 

 worked over especially by Hitchcock, Eydberg, Smith, Pound, and 

 Clements. Lamson-S'cribner has treated the value of grasses as sand 

 stays. Cowles made a study of the vegetation on the sand dunes of 

 Lake Michigan, and Hill has written on the sand dunes of northern 

 Indiana and their flora. 



MacMillan's admirable study of the strand flora of the Lake of the 

 Woods is without any equal in the phytogeographical literature of the 

 United States. 



Borgesen has carefully studied the strand flora of the Danish West 

 Indies. 



From the dunes of Southern Brazil we have an excellent description 

 by Lindman, and Schenck also recently wrote of the strand vegetation 



