240 VILLAVERDE. 



The Ifugaos never make use of the plow in cultivating the ?oil. They 

 do all their work by hand with large wooden shovels. (Plate VI, figs. 

 1 and 2.) Their hard work begins in Quiangan about September and 

 ends in January and February which is the time of sowing. This 

 leaves out of account the fact that they have first to clear the ground 

 of the strong underbrush which grows in the four months of rest, and 

 which, after the sowing of the rice, must be continually removed down 

 to the smallest shoots, which otherwise serve to cause the rats to dig 

 holes. How dearly the small amount of rice that they eat costs them! 

 Yet after spending the greater part of the year at this work, still they 

 do not get enough to maintain them, having to supply this lack by 

 borrowing at a horribly usurious rate. 



The jjoorest settlements of other mountains which are very rugged 

 maintain themselves on sweet potatoes, but on the other hand their labor 

 is incomparably less, and the women ordinarily perform it. Sweet pota- 

 toes, which grow ever)'^\diere, even in mountains which are extremely 

 rugged, are the reliance of the lazy. The latter are at the same time 

 the ones who are accustomed to steal from the granaries of others rice, 

 as well as the quadrupeds and domestic fowls which others raise with 

 great care. They are the bad people of the country as the Ifugaos say. 

 It surprises me that when they might maintain themselves so easily on 

 sweet potatoes, gabi, or Indian corn, they should carry on such hard and 

 difficult work for a little rice. In contrast with their more than, bar- 

 barous and vicious customs stands out the habit of industry, it being a 

 shameful matter among them not to eat rice, and he who has it con- 

 siders that he has lowered himself if he plants sweet potatoes. 



manufactub.es and industrial relations among the ifugaos. 



There are among them smiths (Plate VII, fig. 1), who know how to 

 temper and work iron, making axes, very rude indeed, but which serve 

 them at the same time for adzes and chisels; also bolos or campUanes 

 which are very sharp but dull easily on account of not being made of steel. 

 Finally they make lances (Plate VIII, fig. 2), as well as small knives 

 to harvest rice. They use musical instruments called gansas, which 

 are similar to timbrels, and are ordinarily made of iron. These gansas 

 are much used, and they as well as the better lances are, I believe, 

 made at a very large settlement in tJie valley of Japao (Sapao) to the 

 north of Quiangan.- In addition to the gansa they are accustomed to 

 use a sort of flute of bamboo which they play with the nose. From 

 the cotton which they gather the women weave certain coarse and narrow 



■ Padre Juan was mistaken in believing that gansas are made at Sapao. So 

 far as is known they are not made anywhere in the Philippines, all those that 

 exist having been imported from China or the Straits Settlements. They are 

 invariablv made of brass or bronze. (Dean C. Worcester.) 



