I. FILIPINO TIPES : MANILA ST^UENTS^. 265 



types tliat have mingled in the J'oimation of tlic present population of 

 the Islands. The curves for cephalic index show the majority of mestizos 

 to be below 80 and the majority of the Filipinos to be above that number. 

 The curves for stature show great homogeneity, especially for the Fili- 

 pinos, but less for the mestizos, which is due to greater diversity of type 

 among the mestizos, and to the fact that stature is more plastic than 

 liead form, more subject to selection and environment. The curve for 

 nasal index with its Gothic spires and cathedral form has summits that 

 are more distinct than those of the cephalic index. The majority of the 

 Filipinos have a high index (wide noses), and the majority of the 

 mestizos have a lower index. 



Recent observations in the study of heredity indicate that, in some cases 

 at least, heredity is neither exclusively alternate (Mendelian) nor ex- 

 clusively blended, but may be neither(9) or both(2,16). In any study of 

 heredity, at least two kinds of variation must be considered : The variation 

 due to environment, and that due to crossing opposite extremes of the 

 same character such as black and white color. When these two varieties 

 of variation do not overlap there is no confusion, but when they do, 

 endless confusion may result. With this in mind, we may consider the 

 physical characteristics of the Filipinos in the light of the recent work 

 of Spillman(27). Schull, in hybridizing corn, "looks upon a cornfield 

 as simpl}' a heterogeneous collection of elementary species and hybrids 

 between them," and Spillman accounts for these elementary species on 

 the "old Darwinian idea of gradual evolution" by a simple scheme shown 

 byl, IT, andlll: 



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