I. FILIPINO TYPES: MANILA STUDENTS. 271 



MODIFIED ALPINE TYPE. 



There are 30 students of tliis type of whom 8 are mestizos. They come 

 from Ilocos Sur, Eizal, Union, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Leyte, Iloilo, 

 Laguna, Tayabas, Batangas, Mindanao, Zambales, Ilocos ISTorte, Cavite, 

 Marinduque, Lubang Islands, Capiz, Pampanga, Batangas, Isabela, Ne- 

 gros, Pangasinan, the city of Manila, and the father of one is from Spain. 



This type is below the average stature, very broad headed, very narrow 

 nosed, and it has a face intermediate between the Iberian and Primitive. 

 The head size is like that of the Iberian except in the occipital region 

 where it is like the Primitive. In addition, this type has very good 

 teeth and is not fat. No wavy hair is found. (Table 1.) 



Compared with the Iberian, this type has the cephalic index 11.7 

 greater, the nasal inde:£ 1 less, the stature.4.1 centimeters less, the morpho- 

 logic face index 3.6 less, and the physiognomic face index 3.9 greater. 

 The head length is 1.5 centimeters less, the head width is 8 millimeters 

 more, and the head height is 0.6 millimeter less. The nose length is 

 0.7 millimeter less, that nose width is 0.8 millimeter less. The lower 

 face height is 2.5 millimeters less, the total face height is 3.3 millimeters 

 less, and the bizygomatic width is 2.8 millimeters more. The frontal and 

 parietal circumferences are the same, the forehead circumference is 3 

 millimeters less, and the occipital circumference is 1.3 centimeters less. 



The nearest living related people are the Alpine of middle Europe (10, 

 25) who are represented to some extent among the Spaniards. The type 

 is therefore called modified Alpine, and represents a blend of Sj)anish 

 and Filipino. Some Chinese may be present because three individuals 

 are noted as resembling Chinese, and the Alpine Chinaman is a type often 

 seen in Manila (4) . 



MODIFIED B. B. B. TYPE. 



The 21 students of this type have indications of both Spanish and 

 Chinese characteristics. Five are mestizos, 10 resemble Chinese, and 1 

 has wavy hair. They come from the Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, 

 Batangas, Cavite, Kueva Viscaya, ISTueva Ecija, Eizal, Zambales, and the 

 city of Manila, all from the Island of Luzon. 



The chief characteristics of this type are stature above the average, 

 very wide head, but comparatively narrow face and very narrow nose. 

 The number of decayed teeth is large and the age is above the average. 

 (Table 1.) 



Compared with the Iberian this type has the cephalic index 11 greater, 

 the nasal index 1.9 less, the stature 4.5 centimeters greater, the morpho- 

 logic face index 3.7 less, and the physiognomic face index 2.9 greater. 

 The head length is 1.1 centimeters less, the head width is 1.1 centimeters 

 more, and the head height is 1 millimeter more. The nose length is 1 

 millimeter more, and the nose width is exactly the same. The lower 

 face heiofht is the same, the total face height is 1 millimeter more, and 



