I. FILIPINO TYPES : MANILA STUDENTS. 279 



the Primitive type reioresents the fundamental one and the others are pro- 

 duets of evolution from it, or the Primitive is a product of the other types 

 as a result of nurture, degeneration, etc., or otherwise the types are differ- 

 ent in origin and formation. It is more than probable that the Primitive 

 represents one of the elements of the ground work of the East, and it 

 may be that modified representatives of this type have influenced western 

 Asia and Europe, and it is also more than probable that European ele- 

 ments have migrated eastward and formed the modified types. 



The question arises, are the modified European types the result of 

 recent or remote amalgamation? Are they the product of prehistoric 

 or recent European mixtures ? 



A recent cross will not be so much blended as a remote one in which 

 amalgamation has been continuous (2), imless the types that cross re- 

 semble each other closely, in which case amalgamation takes place rapidly. 

 Therefore the Iberian, at least, represents a recent cross, as is probably 

 true of the Alpine, B. B. B., and Adriatic as well. The Cro-Magnon, 

 however, represents an ancient element and belongs to pre-Spanish as 

 well as Spanish times. If the Australoid type is the product of Iberian 

 and Negrito, or Iberian and Primitive, then the Iberian must have been 

 an ancient as well as a modern type to have become blended even in a 

 disharmonic manner, as is the case among the Igofots. The ancient type 

 must have come at an early period in world-time in order to have amalga- 

 mated so completely with the others, or else our ideas of the time neces- 

 sary for complete amalgamation need revision; it must be shorter than 

 has been supposed, and new tj'pes are produced in man in a few hundreds 

 of years instead of thousands. It may be that amalgamation is more 

 rapid where earlj' marriages are contracted, promiscuity is practiced, and 

 under certain climatic conditions, where rapid development is the rule. 

 If these three conditions have prevailed in the Philippines, it is possible 

 that diverse types have become blended or amalgamated in short periods 

 of time. However, it is probable that European types entered into 

 the composition of the Filipino people before the Igorots reached the 

 Islands, and it may be that these were the early prehistoric types of 

 Europe, or products of such types as the Cro-Magnon, Laugerie-Chance- 

 lede, and Iberian, with also those resembling the Alpine, B. B. B., and 

 Adriatic, such as have entered into the population of the Pacific Islands 

 as far east as Hawaii, and to-day are represented by a remnant in Japan, 

 namely the Aino( 1,21,22,28). It is probable that the European types 

 had become diversified before leaving their homes in Europe, or else 

 those represented in the East would all be alike, whereas there are at 

 least two diverse elements, one of which is long headed, long faced, and 

 narrow nosed, and the other wide headed, with moderately narrow face 

 and nose. Further investigations are necessary to determine these ques- 

 tions. At present we can say that at least traces of the Cro-Magnon are 



