II. FILIPINO TYPES : MALECON MORGUE. 329 



ankles and hands ; and narrow shoulders. The discordant composite may 

 be due to the large number of Iberian, Primitive and Australoid of 

 comparativel}' pure type, although nurture can not be excluded as a factor. 



The Students are characterized by tall stature ; large, broad head ; and 

 other features that are more or less intermediate between the other groups. 

 They probably represent a greater fusion of the European and Eastern 

 types than the other groups, with a predominance of relatively tall broad 

 heads. Nurture may have produced some effect in molding this group. 

 The broad head may be due to studious habit, and the greater stature to 

 better nourishment; but I am inclined to believe that both are due to the 

 Chinese and European types as exhibited in the Alpine, B. B. B., and 

 Adriatic, as well as in the majority of the blends. 



The final conclusion, reached after a study of the four groups of indi- 

 viduals herein described, is that type has a greater influence than nurture 

 during short periods of time, a few hundred or even a few thousand jeoxi. 

 During the longer periods of time, especially with great change of climate, 

 soil, food and water, as well as soeiologic and economic conditions, nurture 

 may play a greater role than type, although it can act only upon the 

 elements present. Altering the words used, it may be said that during 

 hundreds, or even thousands of years, heredity through variation is more 

 important in molding the type of a people than is environment through 

 modification ; whereas environment may be of equal or greater importance 

 during longer periods of time, especially if conditions are such as to favor 

 rapid changes, either through stress and strain, or by different conditions 

 of climate, soil, food, and drink. 



It is a notable fact that the mestizo of the Iberian type presents a very 

 unfavorable picture as seen from the results of my studies, whereas mesti- 

 zos of the Alpine, B. B. B., and Adriatic types give a very favorable 

 impression. The Iberians are small, delicate looking individuals with 

 long, thin chests of the "habitus phthisieus;" 70 per cent of those meas- 

 ured in the Morgue died of tuberculosis ; they form a greater percentage 

 of Morgue subjects than of Students; they have the worst teeth and the 

 lowest class standing of all Students; and they have practically disap- 

 peared from among the Igorots, either by absorption or by elimination 

 through disease or otherwise. 



On the other hand, the Alpine, B. B. B., and Adriatic are the most 

 robust looking individuals ; their stature is gi-eater than that of any other 

 types; they form a large number of the Students and practically never 

 are found in the Morgue;^ they have good teeth and their class standing 

 is the best. These differences may be due to environment, but type is 

 also a factor. 



' Tliey do not reacli the Morgue probably because they are of the better 

 classes and are cared for by friends. 



