Westropp — Types of the Ring- Forts and similar Structures. 399 



at the field, and 10 feet over the fosse. The latter is 12 to 18 feet wide, 

 and 4 to 8 feet deep below the field. The main fort has an outer bank, very 

 steep, 12 feet thick and high, over the fosse, and where most perfect 6 feet 

 high inside, being much levelled round the north segment. The garth is about 

 180 feet east and west, and over 190 feet north and south. At 14 to 

 18 feet inside the outer bank was a strong ring- wall ; little of the outer 

 facing remains, but three parts of the circle can be traced, and the southern 

 semicircle is a heap 5 feet to 6 feet high. A late house lay inside it, and two 

 others between it and the bank to the north-east. There are gangways and 

 gaps, probably late, to the east and west ; and a limekiln in the outer ring 

 accounts for the disappearance of much of the stonework. The fort measures 

 over 230 feet over all. 



Eeserving the parts round the hills, at Killaloe and elsewhere, and the 

 hill-fort of Lisnagree for a later paper, we close this paper, acknowledging 

 with pleasure the kind help of Mrs. O'Callaghan, Col. George O'Callaghan 

 Westropp, Mr. Robert Twigge, f.s.a., and the Eev. John Bolton Greer. The 

 last devoted much time and trouble in helping me in this field-work, and 

 Mr. Twigge gave me especially valued help in elucidating the Life of 

 St. Mochulla of Tulla. The first, besides other help, secured me much local 

 information. This is important, for the traditional beliefs and names are 

 dying out with the old people, the younger inhabitants of all classes rarely 

 showing the slightest interest in such matters. As for the ancient remains 

 themselves, they are vanishing, and with the progress of sales will vanish, 

 like the woods of the country, whenever even the paltriest advantage is 

 supposed to be derivable from their removal. Should this at present hopeless 

 materialism and vandalism not be mitigated by education, it may be that the 

 end of the century will hardly find a tithe even of what we see around us of 

 the early remains of the Kingdom of Thomond. 



