1865.] JAMIESON LAST CHANGES IN SCOTLAND. 183 



lowing after those represented by the clay ; and this is the point I 

 am chiefly contending for in the present paper. 



I am not aware that any evidence has as yet been got entitling us 

 to say that the Mammoth or Rhinoceros tichorinus lived in Scotland 

 after the Glacial period. Ko Mammalian remains have as yet been 

 reported from our vaUey-gravel, which is singularly destitute of 

 fossils of every kind. 



b. Moraines. — Moraines occur in most, if not all, of the chief moun- 

 tain-glens ; and in tracing the valley-gravel up to the mountains, we 

 frequently find it emerge into moraines. 



In regard to the mounds in Glen Derry and other ravines of the 

 Ben Muick Dhui mountains, I was formerly inclined to doubt their 

 glacial origin, being at that time disposed to refer a larger amount 

 of influence to marine agency in accounting for the superficial accu- 

 mulations of our Highland glens. Our geological maps make the 

 Ben Muick Dhui and Cairngorm mountains to be wholly of granite ; 

 and I remarked that these mounds in Glen Derry contained frag- 

 ments of gneiss and laminated quartz, which was a circumstance 

 opposed to the theory of their being glacier-moraines, if the maps 

 were correct. I have, however, since satisfied myself that masses 

 of metamorphic schist do occur in the midst of this mountain-group 

 where our maps show nothing but granite, and therefore I no longer 

 consider the above circumstance any difiiculty. The absence of 

 glacial striae on the fragments, which I also mentioned, is Kkewise 

 quite intelligible where the debris consists of staff that lay on the 

 surface of the glacier, for it is only that which lies between the ice 

 and its rocky bed that is scratched. 



There are some fine moraines in the glens that pierce the north 

 flank of the Cairngorm mountains, as, for example, in Glen Innich 

 and near Loch na Eilan and Loch Morlich, Those in Glen Spean, 

 to the east of the entrance to Loch Treig, shown in my map of the 

 Parallel Roads of Glen Boy, are also remarkably fine. To look at 

 them is for ever to cease to doubt the former existence of glaciers in 

 this country. The student of such phaenomena wiU do weU to betake 

 himself to this region, or to the CuchulHn mountains of Skye, where 

 Principal Forbes many years ago showed that there exists a fine ex- 

 hibition of glacial action — or to the vaUeys of Caernarvonshire, which 

 have been so well described by Buckland, Darwin, and Bamsay. 



c. Submarine Forest-beds. — After the low grounds had emerged 

 from the glacial sea, and the ice had retreated to the mountains, we 

 have evidence that the land-area was more extensive in some dis- 

 tricts than it is at present, owing to its higher elevation out of the 

 sea. The evidence of this is, I think, sufficiently clear, and consists 

 of the so-caUed submarine forests and beds of peat passing under-- 

 neath the present sea-waters. In some of these cases the stumps of 

 the trees may be traced, rooted manifestly in the spot where they 

 grew, and surrounded by leaves, nuts, and seeds of land-plants. In 

 regard to this point I shall content myself with referring to Dr. 

 Fleming's account of the submarine forest in the Firth of Tay*, 



« Trans. Eoyal Soc. of Edinburgh, vol. ix. p. 419 (1823). 



