1865.] JAMIESON LAST CHANGES IN SCOTLAND. 193 



some of them perhaps a good deal later, seeing that there is much 

 blown sand underneath them. I have also observed great quantities of 

 artificially-chipped flints in certain places along the coast, both to 

 the north and south of the Ythan, often in positions a very few 

 feet above high-water-mark. These flints lie in many cases on a 

 bed of smooth water-worn pebbles of the old beach, and the sharp 

 broken edges of the flints show they have undei'gone none of the 

 water-rolling that has rounded the pebbles, but have been brought 

 there at a later time. 



It is very probable that among the poorer and less civilized in- 

 habitants the use of stone tools may have continued to a compa- 

 ratively late peiiod. No one who has seen the primitive implements 

 still in use in some of the "Western Isles of Scotland will think this 

 unlikely. I therefore do not consider that the fact of such remains 

 being found to be of later date than the raised beach forms an 

 objection of any weight to Mr.Geikie's opinion as to this last elevation 

 being posterior to the Roman invasion. A tribe of these "flint 

 folks" seems to have inhabited this neighbourhood for a long period ; 

 for I have observed the debris of the stone manufacture, and traces 

 of their encampments, in various places. The flints were doubt- 

 less got from the long ridge covered with these pebbles which runs 

 inland from Peterhead. 



§ 8. CoNCLtrSION AND E£sTJM£. 



Such, then, are the series of changes which I believe have taken 

 place since 'the commencement of the Glacial period. This suc- 

 cession has not been arrived at by picking out and putting together 

 facts from distant places, and thereby erroneously inferring things 

 to be successive which were perhaps contemporaneous ; for we find 

 the whole series represented in one locafity. Thus, in the valley of the 

 Forth above Stirling (fig. 9), we have (1st) at the surface the deep 

 peat-mosses of Polder and Blair-Drummond, with their felled trees 

 and ancient road at the bottom, all resting on (2nd) the old estuarine 

 mud OT Carse of Stirling, with its whale -skeletons and beds of 

 estuarine shells ; and below this we have (3rd) the lower peat- bed 

 and trees of the submarine forest, or period of elevation ; (4th) we 

 have the later glacier-moraines of the Loch of Monteith emerging 

 from beneath this postglacial series ; (5th) we have the glacial- 

 marine beds extending from Bucklyvie along the Forth and Clyde 

 Junction Eailway to Dry men, from their higher position evidently 

 older than the moraines just mentioned, and shown to be a sea- 

 deposit from the boreal shells they contain at Gartness ; (6th) we 

 have all along the valley, from Ben Lomond to Stirhng and Edin- 

 burgh, and underlying the whole of the superficial deposits, the 

 ice-worn floor of solid rock, covered here and there with tbe old 

 glacier-mud and scratched boulders, and in this old boulder-earth, at 

 Clifton Hall, there was found a tusk of the Mammoth. 



In the valley of the Tay we have the raised estuarine mud of the 

 Carse of Gowrie, with its bed of estuarine shells lying on the top of 

 the peat-bed or submarine forest of the Tay at Polgavie and else- 

 where. Emerging from beneath this postglacial series we have 



p2 



