1865.] HARKNESS — CTJMBEKLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 235 



rolled, but quite recognizable ; and the mica appears in ferruginous 

 patches. The rock is often quite undistinguishable from Millstone- 

 grit in hand-specimens ; even the purple colour (due to decomposed 

 ferruginous mica) fails sometimes, and, as at Plumpton, great and 

 lofty cliffs of solid rock appear, such as may have yielded the 

 Devil's Arrows, those massive monoliths of the British settlement 

 which preceded ancient Isurium. As we proceed to the south, and 

 reach the Leeds coal-basin, the Permian beds lose their similitude 

 to Millstone-grit ; and as we pass to the north and encounter the 

 Mountain-limestone, so also the resemblance to Millstone-grit is 

 lost ; nor is it recovered in Durham or Northumberland, nor does it 

 occur in any other part of the kingdom, though quartzose pebbles 

 and coarse sand accompany it in many parts. From this we may 

 draw a confirmation of the opinion, very probable on other grounds, 

 that the Lower Permian beds were of littoral aggregation, by currents 

 operating on the waste of the neighbouring coasts. 



On Harrogate Common, the railway- cutting exposed northern 

 Drift, the usual Boulder-clay, with much variety of rock-fragments, 

 all, as far as I saw, from the limestones and gritstones lying to the 

 north. 



Febetjaey 22, 1865. 



C. Gainer, Esq., M.A., St. Mary's Hall, Oxford ; John Wesley 

 Judd, Esq., 2 Burngreave View, Sheffield; Francis E. Spry, Esq., 

 Ashford, near Hornsey ; The Hon. Arthur Strutt, 88 Eaton Square, 

 W. ; and Samuel Long Waring, Esq., The Oaks, Norwood, were 

 elected Fellows. 



The following communications were read : — 



1. On the Lower Silitrian- Eocks of the South-east of Cumber- 

 land and the North-east of Westmoreland. By Professor E. 

 Haekness, F.E.S. L. & E., F.G.S. 



Contents. 

 1. . Introduction. 



2. The Lower Silurian Rocks of the South-east of Cumberland. 



3. The Lower Silurian Rocks of the North-east of Westmoreland. 



4. Fault through the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South-east of Cumberland 



and the North-east of Westmoreland. 



1 . Introduction. — The district to which this memoir has reference con- 

 sists of a narrow band of country on the western side of the Pennine 

 Chain, possessing external features which indicate a difference in 

 mineral nature from the rocks which form those Pennine escarp- 

 ments, and also from those which, in Cumberland and Westmore- 

 land, usually lie on their western side. The area occupied by this 

 narrow band of Lower Silurian rocks extends in length about 

 fourteen miles in a N.N.W. and S.S.E. direction ; and it has a 

 varying breadth from a very narrow strip to about a mile and a 



