294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



the Gramnm. oi E. (Stegocl.) bo7nbifrons (Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, 

 plate 43. fig. 13), in which the fronto-parietal region is much con- 

 stricted, while in E. primigenins they pass into the post-orbitary 

 processes by a gentle sigmoid flexure. 



In the Indian Elephant the posterior border of the vertex is deeply 

 emarginated by a reentering sinus, corresponding with the upper 

 termination of the occipital fossa ; in E. meridionalis the line is 

 transverse, the fossa being overarched by a produced fold of the 

 vertex {vide Nesti, op. cit., and Faun. Antiq. Siv. plate 42). 



The posterior orbitary process is very pointed and hooked ; the 

 lachrymal tubercle is also pointed, while in E. primigenius it is 

 thick and prominent. 



The nasals are salient, and terminate in an obtuse point ; they 

 show no tendency to becoming Innately bifid as in the African 

 Elephant (Faun. Antiq. Siv. plate 15. fig. 17). 



The nasal aperture is situated considerably nearer the vertex in 

 E. mendionaUs than m E. jyrimigenius; the bounding margin pre- 

 sents a reniform outline with the cornua directed forwards, as in the 

 latter and in E. (Euelephas) Hysudriciis {vide ' Fauna Antiqua Siva- 

 lensis,' plate 43. fig. 20). 



In E. primigenius the incisive alveoli are very much elongated 

 and parallel. The general plane of their upper surface meets the 

 plane of the frontal at a slight angle, from the alveoli being a little 

 inflected towards the molars. This involves a corresponding modi- 

 fication in the symphysis of the mandible, the diasteme descending 

 nearly vertically, to terminate in a short pointed beak. An equally 

 remarkable elongation of the incisive alveoli is presented by Colonel 

 Baker's huge cranium in the British Museum, of the form named 

 E. {Stegodon) Ganesa in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis.' If the 

 outline-profile (pi. 44. fig. 14) of this species be compared with that 

 of the Mammoth (fig. 24), it will be seen that the plane of the in- 

 cisives in the former is continuous with that of the frontal, with a 

 tendency to obliquity forwards. The alveoli are parallel in this form, 

 as in the Mammoth. 



In E. meridionalis the incisive alveoli are also much elongated; 

 but, instead of being parallel, in all the large crania they diverge 

 from the suborbitary foramina on to their extremity, where the di- 

 vergence becomes sudden and as marked as in the African Elephant. 

 In the huge cranium, no. 5 of the enumeration above, the width 

 of the incisive bones at their distal end reaches the enormous spread 

 of 39 inches (Xesti). The interalveolar fossa, deep below the nasal 

 aperture, soon becomes shallow and disappears entirely near the ex- 

 tremity of the bones, where an osseous plateau is interposed between 

 the alveoli. This divergence of the incisive sheaths is seen in the 

 Florentine specimen, represented by Cuvier in fig. 2 of pi. 9 of the 

 Elephants, in the ' Ossemens Fossiles.' In the Mammoth they are 

 parallel and approximated, with an interposed fossa, throughout. 



The only exception to the character here indicated that I observed 

 in the Museum of Florence is presented by the cranium no. 9 of the 

 above list, in which the tusks are comparatively small, indicating a 

 female, and the specific identitj'' of which was not well determined. 



