298 PJIOCEEDIXGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



racter is also finely exhibited by a superb British specimen from the 

 Elephant-bed at Happisburgh, in the K.ev. John Gunn's rich collec- 

 tion at Irstead ; and in the Val d'Arno specimen in Dr. Buckland's 

 collection, represented by figs. 10 and 10 a of pi. 14 B of the ' Fauna 

 Antiqua,' in which, although mutilated, the long symphysis and 

 gradual inclination of the diasteme are well marked. There is no 

 good published figure of the lower jaw of this species which can be 

 referred to for a visual appreciation of these diff'erenees. But an 

 approximate idea may be had by comparing the outline of figs. 1, 

 2, and 3 of pi. 13 A and 13 B of the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' 

 representing difi'erent ages of E. primigenius, with that of fig. 7, re- 

 presenting the lower jaw of E. Hysadricus, which is allied in form 

 to E. meridionalis ; or fig. 4 of pi. 5 in the 'Ossemens Fossiles,' of 

 the Mammoth, with fig. 8 of pi. 9, a Bomagnano specimen of E. me- 

 ridionalis. A very characteristic representation of the lower jaw 

 in an old Mammoth, by Scharf, is given in Buckland's Appendix to 

 the 'Voyage of the Blossom,' fig. 1 of pi. 1, above referred to. 



k. Simimary of the Characters. — On a review of the characters de- 

 tailed in the preceding descriptions, it follows that in all the points 

 connected with the form of the cranium, teeth, and lower jaw, upon 

 which the great French anatomist rested his distinctions among the 

 Elephants, recent or fossil, E. (Loccod.) meridionalis diff'ers essentially 

 from the Mammoth strictly so called. They have only two characters 

 in common, namely, 1st, the great width of the crowns of the molars ; 

 2nd, the long alveoU of the tusks. But in the former species the 

 height of the molar crowns is low ; the ridges are cuneiform in their 

 vertical section, and limited in number, with thick enamel ; and the 

 incisive alveoli are divergent, with simply curved tusks : in the latter 

 the height of the molar crowns is excessive, the ridges very numerous, 

 attenuated, and closely packed together, with thin unplaited enamel; 

 and the incisive alveoli are parallel, approximated, and inflected ; the 

 tusks spirally recurved. It will be seen in the sequel that, so far 

 from being nearly allied forms, there are several species interposed 

 between them. 



It is no part of the design of this essay to describe the osteography 

 of the species more than may be subservient to their ready discri- 

 mination when found fossil, I shall therefore reserve any remarks 

 upon the peculiarities of the bones of the trunk and extremities in 

 the Italian form for the illustration of British specimens. Bones of 

 colossal dimensions abound in the Museum at Florence ; and Cuvier 

 inferred from remains in the Paris Museum that the fossil Elephant 

 of Monte Serbaro, here referred to E. meridionalis, attained a height 

 of at least fifteen feet. 



B. British Specimens. — The copious details already given regarding 

 the dentition of this species relieve me from the necessity of minutely 

 describing a great variety of the British specimens. Having the 

 certainty, from such cumulative evidence abroad, of the distinctness 

 of the species, it will suffice to show where the same form occurs in 

 England, in what strata, under what circumstances, with what asso- 

 ciates, and where, it is wanting. I shall refer only to such charac- 



