FALCONER MASTODON AND ELEPHANT. 321 



mandible, no. 2667 of the Osteol. Catal. Mus. Coll. of Surgeons. 

 The inner wall of bone is removed so as to expose the imbedded 

 crown and fangs. The j)enultimate is complete, having in front 

 the posterior fang-alveolus of the antepenultimate, and behind the 

 empty cavity of the unformed last molar. The crown presents 

 distinctly sixteen principal ridges, with front and back talons, the 

 dimensions being — 



inches. 



Length of crown , 9-5 



Width in front 2-4 



Greatest width 3*0 



Height at fifth ridge 5-0 



The five anterior ridges alone are affected by wear. 

 This specimen is designated in the Osteological Catalogue of the 

 Collection the last true molar ; but the form and dimensions prove it 

 to be penultimate. 



A detached penultimate left lower molar in the same Museum, 

 no. 2825, presents a crown composed also of sixteen principal ridgeSj 

 with front and back talons. Eleven of the ridges are worn. The 

 dimensions are — 



inches. 



Length of crown 9-0 



Width of ditto at seventh ridge 3*2 



Height of ditto at eleventh ridge 5-5 



This specimen is described in the catalogue as the last molar, but 

 it presents all the characters of a penultimate. 



JSTo. 2824 of the same collection, a lower ramus, left side, con- 

 tains the antepenultimate and penultimate in situ, the former well 

 worn and reduced to the disks of the eight posterior ridges, the 

 latter nearly in germ, the three anterior ridges alone being slightly 

 abraded. The penultimate in this instance also presents sixteen 

 principal ridges, with talons. 



In the Ipswich Museum there is a fine specimen of a detached 

 penultimate molar of the lower jaw, left side, presented by Mr. 

 C. Bree, which presents sixteen ridges, besides talons, in a length of 

 crown of 9-5 inches. Another specimen of a left inferior penulti- 

 mate in the Museum at Taunton has a crown composed of sixteen 

 principal ridges, with front and back talons. The twelve anterior 

 ridges are worn. The dimensions in this case are — 



inches. 



Length of crown ll'O 



Width of ditto at third ridge 2-3 



Width of ditto at eighth ridge 3"1 



Height of ditto at twelfth ridge 6-0 



It is not meant to be insisted that the cipher 16 absolutely and 

 constantly determines the number of ridges in the penultimate 

 molar, upper and lower, of the Indian Elephant. I beUeve that 

 exceptional cases occur in which they range as high as twenty in 

 the lower penultimate in very large individuals. But, taking the 



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