FALCONER — MASTODON AND ELEPHANT. 329 



last true molar. Perfect specimens of this tooth, furnishing the 

 ridge-formula of the crown complete, are also rare, so far as my 

 observation goes, in English collections, although mutilated speci- 

 mens are as common as those of the other teeth. The illustrations 

 which I adduce are chiefly taken from foreign specimens, in the 

 the most perfect preservation. The first is a very fine molar, in the 

 Museum of Darmstadt, which I was enabled to examine by the 

 kind permission of Dr. Kaup. It is a detached penultimate upper 

 of the left side, of the Mammoth, having the crown entire and all 

 the ridges present. It is composed distinctly of sixteen principal 

 ridges, besides a front and a back talon. The five anterior ridges 

 alone are aff'ected by wear, the rest being intact and perfect. The 

 specimen yields all the distinctive characters of a Mammoth's 

 grinder, namely, a broad crown, very high ridges separated by 

 narrow interstices, and attenuated plates of enamel free from crimp- 

 ing. The dimensions of this specimen, which was yielded by the 

 superficial deposits of the valley of Rhine, are — inches. 



Length of crown 8-0 



Width of crown 3'0 



Height of the eighth ridge 7'25 



From the last measurement it will be seen that the height of the 

 ridges, in the middle of the tooth even, is nearly equal to that of 

 the length of the crown. 



Another detached penultimate upper of the left side, in the same 

 collection, presents the crown equally perfect, and composed of from 

 sixteen to seventeen principal ridges, with talons. It diff'ers from 

 the specimen just described in having a proportionally broader crown, 

 with the ridges less elevated, the dimensions being, with a nearly 

 equal length of crown — inches. 



Width 3-25 



Greatest height 6'25 



In the Museum at Taunton there are two very instructive speci- 

 mens from the Mendip caverns, the one being an upper penultimate 

 oi Elephas antiquus, forraerlj in the collection of the Rev. D.Williams, 

 and reputed to have been procured from Bleadon Cave, the other a 

 corresponding penultimate upper of the right side of E. primigenius, 

 of which the precise cave-locality has not been recorded. These 

 molars are in perfect preservation, and when put in opposition they 

 show well by contrast the distinctive characters of the two species. 

 That of the Mammoth has the crown composed distinctly of sixteen 

 principal ridges, besides the front and back talons ; of these the 

 eleven anterior ridges are worn, the rest being intact ; the crown is 

 very broad relatively to the length, and the ridges are closely ap- 

 proximated, with narrow interstices ; the disks of wear form narrow 

 transverse bands, with attenuated unplaited enamel. 



The dimensions are — inches. 



Length of crown 6*7 



Width in front 2-^ 



„ at the eighth ridge 3-3 



Height at the eleventh ridge . . 5*7 



