STTESS KED CLAYS OP KRAKAU. 11 



of the Tertiaries near Turin. The "Lower" or "Baden Tegd," 

 hitherto considered as the most ancient deposit on account of its 

 situation, has a fauna perfectly analogous to that af Tortona and 

 Saubrigdes, near Dax, and therefore standing next to the Subapen- 

 nine period, and approaching the living Mediterranean fauna. 



2. Subdivisions of the Tertiaries. — The Eocene fauna is eminently 

 characterized by forms of tropical type, but which gradually dis- 

 appear subsequently to the Oligocene period. The fauna of the 

 Lower " Neogene" strata bears a subtropical (" Senegailian") aspect, 

 gradually giving place to Mediterranean forms, which become 

 decidedly prevalent in the uppermost strata. As the tropical fauna 

 has its origin in the Eocene seas, so the subtropical fauna, which 

 gradually passes into the Mediterranean fauna, has its origin in the 

 seas of the Neogene period. The term " Neogene" is, in the first 

 place, intended to remind us of the strict delimitation between 

 Eocene and Miocene deposits, as it can be traced through the eastern 

 half of Europe, at least ; nor is it an obstacle against any further 

 subdivision of these two chief systems of Tertiary deposits. In 

 Europe, violent disturbances undoubtedly took place between the 

 Eocene and the Neogene periods, the strata of the former being 

 constantly unconformable to those of the latter, the Eocene beds 

 being generally inclined, the Neogene strata always remaining in a 

 horizontal position. This subdivision of the Tertiaries into two 

 great systems has been lately confirmed by the investigations of the 

 late Professor Bronn and Dr. Keferstein, who both examined the 

 question from a zoological point of view, by comparing, as a whole, 

 the faunae of these two systems and of the Tertiaries in general. 



[Count M.] 



On the E,EB Clays of the Territoky of Krakait. By Prof. E. Sttess. 



[Proceed. Imp. Geol. Instit. Yienna, December 6, 1864.] 



These clays are of very difierent geological ages, and their cardfiil 

 distinction is absolutely necessary for getting an accurate dinsight 

 into the strata overlying the Carboniferous Sandstone with workable 

 coal-seams. This sandstone is grey, yellowish, and occasionally light- 

 red, and frequently becomes arkose-like by containing numerous 

 minute particles of felspar. Where it is not overlain by other 

 strata, it passes immediately into the moveable sand of the heaths, 

 by means (as it appears) of local weathering. Near Jaworzno it is 

 overlain by a series of arenaceous and argillaceous strata, repre- 

 senting the Varigated Sandstone, and again covered by a deposit of 

 shell- limestone. Beneath these strata dips a rather thick layer of 

 dark-red clay ; and a dark-yellow laminated sandstone, with sili- 

 ceous cement, appears beneath this clay, which seems to rest on 

 another of light-green colour; then follows a stratum, 4 feet thick, of 

 very coarse-grained sandstone, passing gradually downwards into 

 a fine-grained, loose, light-yellow and red-coloured sandstone, with 

 veins and oval-rolled pieces of light-green clay, and with light- 



