346 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY 
y Tabernaemontanus in his Icones (1590), with a fow original 
cee The plants are arranged in three books, ‘‘ sorted as 
near as might be in kindred and neighbourhood. ” The first book 
includes grasses, cerpies corn, flags, bulbous or onion-rooted plants ; 
the second, all sorts of herbs for meat, medicine, or sweet- smelling 
use; the third, trees, shrubs, bushes, f ruit-bearing plants, resins, 
ern! roses, heath, mosses, mushrooms, cereals ‘of. their several 
ki 
While it is obvious that Gerard's three books represent un- 
natural divisions based on superficial resemblances and on the uses 
lants to man, the fact that most of the monocotyledons get 
nity. We find, however, among the grasses, such diverse plants 
as Butomus and stitchwort (Gramen leucanthemum),; while e 
excluded because they are trees, and the aroids, Polygonatum, and 
Ruscus, appear in the second 1 
primitive attempts at arrangement was that narrow-leaved plants, 
such as grasses and the ~ bulbous monocotyledons, represen 
simpler forms, from which we advance to the broader-leaved 
herbaceous dicotyledons, culminating in shrubs and trees, which 
were supposed to be most perfect. There is a total neglect of 
were of fruit and seed. 
works of Kaspar ce (a pupil of Fuchs), whose Aeerdatan 
Theatri Botanici appeared in 1620, and the Pinaz in 1628, show a 
great advance. The general arrangement is still on the peimnitiys 
lines of L’Obel and Gerard, but the debvigsthaty are more scientific 
and free from the medicinal dctaile ich figured so prominently 
i d 
Ss no poo review of his system, which, ~ostarsee is given by 
Linneus in the Classes Plantarum (1788). 
A natural system of classification was inaugurated in John 
Ray’s Historia Plantarum (1686-1704). Ray kept the old main 
division into vt and trees, but recognized the importance of the 
mbryo and ‘the presence of one or two cotyledons, 
His eats PNilaeans of two distinct groups of seed-plants—mono- 
9 cto and esi a the first step towards a pom 
divisi Ray’s subdivisions were thirty-three classes, some of 
sinks mtn as Finigi; Umbellifere, Steliata, Verticiilate (our Labiata), 
Laguonine 8@, and oa (grasses), are natu ral ee mos of 
his Institutiones Rei Herbarie (Paris, 1900). His system was based 
n the characters of one organ, the corolla, aud was therefore an 
