80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



boiling water; while yet hot add two gallons of kerosene and 

 emulsify thoroughly by passing it rapidly through a force pump 

 till it is white and has a creamy consistency. For the young, 

 one part of this emulsion to 10 parts of water should be effec- 

 tive. Whale oil soap solution may be used in the same manner, 

 a pound of the soap being dissolved in four gallons of water. 

 These preparations could be applied in the autumn after the 

 dropping of the leaves, but in this case the solutions should be 

 about four times as strong. Small trees may be cleaned with 

 a stiff brush, which might be made more effective by dipping 

 it in one of the above solutions from time to time. 



Preventive measures against borers are of much more impor- 

 tance than any remedies that can be applied. The trees should 

 be kept in as vigorous a condition as possible and careful 

 watch maintained for the first signs of boring, indicated by the 

 detached grains of wood popularly termed " sawdust." When 

 indications of their presence are found the larvae should be 

 dug out if possible. A badly infested tree should be cut down 

 and burned to prevent the insects from developing and the 

 adults from making their way to other trees. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Miiller, M. Melanges de philosophie et de mathematique. 



1760? 3:1871. 



Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae. 1767. 2:600, no. 101 (as 

 Chrysomela calmariensis). 



Fabricius, J. C. Systema entomologiae. 177.5. p. 119, no. 4 (as 

 Crioceris calmariensis); Species insectorum. 1781. 

 1:150, no. 6; Mantissa insectorum. 1787. 1:87, no. 7; Entomolo- 

 gia systematica. 1792. v. 1, pt 2, p. 23, no. 16 (as G a 1 e r u c a 

 calmariensis). 



Schrank, F. P. Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum. 

 1781. p. 78 (as G. x a n t h o m e 1 a e n a ). 



Olivier, A. G. Encyclopedic methodique — Histoire naturelle 

 insect. 1791. 6:589 (as G. calmariensis ). 



1 Volume and page referencen are separated by a colon, e. g. 3 : 187 means volume 3, page 187. 



