284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
of the larval legs. On the ventral side of abdominal segments: 
2-7 there is a single median proleg—a mere soft, white, trans- 
versely placed ridge, without hooks or claws. The abdomen is. 
without other tubercles, spines or hairs. On the posterior end 
of the scarcely narrowed abdomen is a broad, white respiratory — 
disk, with the two usual spiracles [pl.9, fig.2], large, distant,,. 
black, bordered with golden yellow in life. There are four thick 
processes at the border of the disk, of which the upper two are 
set apart the full width of the disk, have very blunt apexes and 
are pubescent externally, while the lower two are a little more: 
pointed and a little closer together. 
The anal aperture is closed by two operclelike plates, which. 
open to allow the protrusion of the four delicate, white, elon-. 
gate, curved, triangular anal processes (gills). 
Pupa [pl.9, fig.38]. Length 12mm, horns almost 2mm additional]. 
diameter 1.5mm. Color clear yellowish white at first, darkening 
with age, and showing before transformation the adult color 
pattern through the transparent skin; surfaces shining, nearly 
smooth. Head and face directed ventrally, with a pair of short,. 
sharp pointed, stout, ventrally directed, divergent frontal spines. 
The hypertrophied and functionless respiratory horns are 
large, long and stout, abruptly bent forward in their cylindric 
middle portion, beyond their short erect bases, and convergent 
at their tapering tips. They are very suggestive of cow horns. 
in their shape, and a crumpled horn on one side is of rather 
common occurrence. The antennae curve dorsally around the 
eyes and knees and disappear beneath the wings. Legs laid 
flat against the ventral surface, the tips of the tarsi all ending 
near the apex of the fourth abdominal segment; wing tips reach- 
ing only to the level of the carina on the second abdominal 
segment. 
Abdomen with sides parallel as far as the eighth segment; 
the apical carina on each segment is fringed with short, stiff . 
hairs (on the ventral side of the eighth segment, more comb- 
like, and interrupted on the median line in the female). "Phe- 
rudiments of the four discal processes and the atrophied spir- 
acles are plainly seen on the dorsum of the eighth segment. 
Beling found the larvae of the European Epiphragma 
picta abundant in the rotting stems of ash and beech in the 
spring, transforming in May after a pupal period of about two: 
weeks. He has described! a very unusual sexual differentiation 
in the larvae. The respiratory disk was said to be surrounded 
by five processes arranged in a pentagon in the male, by three 
1Beling. Th. zur atures eae verschiedener Arten der Tipuliden. 
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 1878. 23:590. 
