GEOLOGY OF THE WATKINS AND ELMIRA QUADRANGLES 23 



separate from each other; these are used for water vessels, &c., the 

 concavity being often so great as to contain several gallons. 



In the valley of Cayuta creek the group is exposed in a ravine 

 3 miles north of Factoryville, where fine flagstones could easily 

 be obtained. In the north part of Barton are great numbers of loose 

 masses containing the fossils of this group, probably washed down 

 from the tops of the hills in the vicinity. 



It will be seen that the definition of this formation is derived from 

 the very region we have here under consideration and embraces those 

 rocks to which we are now applying the term in the original and 

 restricted meaning. On the Elmira quadrangle these rocks have 

 a thickness of 800 feet. They are light and dark shales and light 

 blue gray silicious sandstones in thin and thick beds. The sandstones 

 are compact or schistose or may have thin wavy laminations. Large 

 burls with the appearance of having been rolled while soft are com- 

 mon in the lower beds and the sandstones are frequently lentils that 

 have but small extent. Some of the sandstones and shales in the 

 upper part are ferruginous and when barren take on a brick red color. 

 At 1720 feet A. T., on Ashland hill, is a thin layer of conglomerate 

 and traces of it also appear in the vicinity of Seely creek. Calcareous 

 lenses are very common and some of them in the middle part 

 of the formation are composed principally of Leptostrophia 

 p e r p 1 a n a var. nervosa in very large individuals and these 

 lenses may be from i to 2 feet thick and extend for many rods. The 

 burls sometimes contain layers of fossils bent to conform to the 

 shape of the concretion. At the base of this formation is a bed of 

 black shale in a crumpled condition, as exposed i mile west of Pine 

 City, overlain by uneven calcareous sandstones with calcareous lenses 

 and 100 feet higher an old quarry shows a compact light gray sand- 

 stone with masses of fossils and 10 feet thick. 



Exposures of this formation are seen in numerous roadside out- 

 crops in the southern and western parts of the quadrangle and 

 in a few quarries and ravines. Some of the more favorable ex- 

 posures are in the higher quarries at Rosstown 1120 to 1300 feet 

 A. T, ; along a branch of Seely creek, i Yz miles northwest of Pine 

 City at 1 100 to 1200 feet A. T. ; by the side of a road leading north 



