200 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 
contains many hazel-nuts, entire or as shells ; these-are grooved by 
the teeth of a small, also a large, rodent, probably mice and squirrels. 
The animal remains, recently found, are mammoth, old and young: 
Bos primigenius—the Urus of Ceesar—a male, a magnificent skull and 
horn cores; Irish elk; large race of fallow deer ; red deer; reindeer; 
two species of horse; otter, an entire skull; wolf; wild boar; 
probably hyena, as some large shoulder-blades and ribs of an ox are 
bitten through in a manner of which only these strong-jawed brutes 
are capable. Some other remains are, I think, referable to Azson 
priscus—the European bison (erroneously called Aurochs), now only 
found wild in the Bialowieza Forest in Russia (the hunting ground of 
the ancient kings of Poland), where, although every care 1s taken to 
preserve them, they have dwindled down from 1,900 in 1856, to 
barely 500 at the present time; also in the Caucasus. 
he presence of man is shewn by boughs of trees partly cut 
through, or nicked and sharpened stakes, and an occasional worked 
flint. The tumuli on the same horizon, for they rest on the clay 
bed, indicate central interments, either by cremation or in 
which the corpse has been doubled up in a short chest of 
rough-shaped logs; and through the whole of the mound are 
flints more or less worked, those nearest the body being the 
most perfect in workmanship. The south and east slopes of the 
tumuli often reveal, at no great depth, coarse urns filled with black 
soil and fragments of bone ; these are cinerary urns, inserted long 
afterwards, probably during the Roman period. The whole of this 
south-eastern corner of Holderness is full of interest. It is highly 
probable that, at the time of these earliest interments, referable to 
Neolithic man, there was no North Sea as we know it; indeed, 
subsequent to the new stone age, the spiral, star, and butterfly 
ornamentation found on certain chalk objects in a Yorkshire barrow 
—presumably of the bronze age—are, according to Mr. Arthur J. 
Evans, suggestive of some ancient line of communication (and, 
I think, probably a land one) with Mycenz and the Nile valley. There 
is no more interesting study than the trade-lines of the early world. 
By what routes did amber from the shores of the Baltic spread over 
and far beyond Europe, Irish gold (in 1796 the gold-washings of 
County Wicklow amounted to £10,000) and Cornish tin from west 
to east, jade from east to west, the large panther-cowry of the Indian 
Ocean to the Swiss lake-dweller? Glass studs from Yorkshire 
barrows, probably used in ornamentation, are not to be dis- 
tinguished from those taken from Egyptian tombs. 
There are evidences of very considerable oscillations of tempera 
ture, and a reversion, after the era of the forest bed, toa much colder 
a 
Naturalist, 
