gee) 
28 [ Dee, 2, 
Pepper. ] 
marked elevation covered with pointed osteophytes, and continuous with 
that of the deltoid insertion. The trend of all these osteophytes is down- 
wards, and their color (especially on the right side) is a light brown. 
The section (Figs. 8 and 4) shows the outline of the old bone obliterated 
in the lower third, and only faintly visible in the upper two-thirds ante- 
riorly. In the posterior upper two-thirds the lamin of the new growth 
are admirably shown, though even here the sclerosis is in some parts far 
advanced. The original compact wall in the superior one-third, anterior- 
ily, and two-thirds posteriorly, has almost disappeared, the cancellation 
(spongiosis) is so great, and it is a typical illustration of this process in 
various stages. The original cancellated structure is either fragmentary, 
its cancelli being very large, or else it has entirely vanished, leaving an 
enlarged medullary canal. 
(d) Radius (Figs. 9,10 and 11.) All the epiphyses are gone, save the 
left upper one. Instead of being rounded externally, and showing a sharp 
interosseous ridge internally, it is almost cylindrical, increasing in diame- 
ter from above downwards. At the bicipital tubercle there is a crest of 
curved osteophytes under which, as in a cave, the tendon of the biceps was 
inserted. The oblique line is marked by a series of knobby, porous, slightly 
imbricated osteophytes, whose trend is downwards and inwards till they 
reach the insertion of the pronator teres, where their size increases, and 
their trend is upwards and outwards. The interosseous border is rounded 
off and marked by a series of deep)y imbricated laminated osteophytes, all 
trending downwards, resembling a rounded surface deeply grooved by ob- 
lique parallel cuts of a thin saw. Where the pronater quadratus was at- 
tached, a large number of osteophytes exist in ridges, which run lat- 
terally. All the rest of the bone is thickened and porous, and where 
the muscles took origin, is covered with porous osteophytes. 
Tn section (Fig. 8) the outlines of the original bone are visible through- 
out ; the laminz of the new growth are marked ; the sclorosis is in various 
stages, and anteriorly for some two inches the new and old growths are 
almost welded together. The old compact tissue is wholly changed to 
spongy, and the medullary canal is increased in size. 
(e) Ulna (Figs. 14 and 15.) The lower epiyhyses are absent. Like the 
radius, the ulna is involved in its whole length, and is about twice its nor- 
mal diameter. At the insertion of the brachialis anticus, a cup-like 
depression surrounded by an elevated ridge of osteophytes, exists, 
somewhat similar to that on the bicipital tubercle of the radius. 
The anterior surface is covered with small porous osteophytes, witl 
a slight downward imbrication. At the attachment of the pronater 
quadratus they become more marked in their development, and the 
imbrication is external. The interossecus ridge is rounded off and 
marked, as in the radius, but with several unusually large and deeply 
imbricated osteophytes with a deep groove, probably that of the inter- 
osseous artery. Externally a brown discoloration is seen, which is 
the most noticeable on the rig 
side. Posteriorly the bone is coarsely 
