Cope. ] 254 [Dec. 15, 
Grade nutrition is, on the other hand, entirely confined to infancy and 
youth, except in those low animals which produce their reproductive 
organs periodically (some Zntozoa, ete.), where it may be said to be in 
nearly the same condition as in plants. 
y While the amount of growth force, potential in adult living animals, 
has varied very irregularly throughout the animal kingdom, there being 
large and small, simple and complex, in every division, it would seem 
to have accumulated on the whole, with the rising scale of animal types. 
Thus the lower or Protozoa are the smallest; Radiates are next in size; 
Molluses and Articulates reach nearly the same maximum, which exceeds 
that of the Radiates, and falls far below that of the Vertebrates. Among 
the last the mammalia have attained as large if not larger size than any of 
the other orders (6 g., Cetacea). This is, however, not necessary to the 
history of evolution. 
That an increased amount of grade growth force has been constantly 
rendered potential, during the advance of time is clear, if the preceding 
inferences be true. It is also evident that some individuals have accu- 
mulated it more rapidly than others, if all alike originated from the sim- 
plest forms known to us. Multitudes have remained in the earliest 
stages (Protozoa) of the whole series, or of their own special series (Lin 
guia), forming “persistent types 7’ or taken directions which rendered 
them incapable of expansion beyond a certain point without exhaustion 
or death ; for example, complicated types, as Ammonitide. The quadru- 
manous animal which was the progenitor of man, may thus be believed 
to have acquired a higher capacity of this accumulation than his cotem- 
poraries. 
Assuming the nucleated cell to be the ultimate element of organic 
tissue, there are two types of life in which grade influence has not ap- 
peared, viz. : unicellular animals and plants, and living forms composed 
of homogeneous protoplasm. In the latter neither grade influence nor 
animal growth force is potential ; in the former, simple growth force only. 
It is therefore apparent that grade influence has been developed in the 
organism itself; perhaps this may have been, in the plant, through the 
modified influence of external physical causes; in the animal, if our in- 
ductions as to use and effort be true, under the influence of the activities 
of the parent, which determined a structural change either in itself or in 
its offspring. The possibilities of this origin are considered in the next 
section. 
5. The Location of Growth Force proceeds under the direction of what 
Professor Henry calls ‘‘ Vital influence.”’ With this author I discard the 
use of the term ‘ Vital Force,’? what was originally understood by that 
term being a complex of distinct ideas. The Vital forces are (nerve force) 
Neurism, (growth force) Bathmism, and (thought force) Phrenism.* All 
*The objection of President Barnard to thought being ‘an exhibition of a force, is that ‘ thought 
cannot be measured.” _ This objection does not take into consideration the two-fold nature of 
thought. The amount of thought can most assuredly be measured, the quality of the thought, in one 
view ofthe case, cannot. That part which cannot be measured is that which determines the Loca- 
tion of thought force, which, as in the case of growth force, is an attribute of the vital or other prin- 
ciple. . 
