368 BAKER’S NORTH YORKSHIRE. 
Main Limestone cliffs of Whitsundale and Punchard’s Gill, in 
Wensleydale to Upper Whitfield Force. Unquestionably native, 
and frequent both in the lowland hedgerows and the aboriginal 
dale woods. 
Ulmus suberosa Ehrh. English type. Denizen. Area 
general. Range o-350. Frequent in the hedgerows and planta- 
tions of the low country, but I have never seen the species 
amongst the limestone scars or elsewhere in an unquestionably 
aboriginal state. It is comparatively rare in the dales, but I 
have seen it as high as the elevation mentioned. 
Quercus Robur L. British type. Native. Area general. 
Range 0-400. Common in the lowland hedgerows, and perhaps 
the commonest tree of the aboriginal woods of the east, both in 
the calcareous and arenaceous dales. In the west, though 
plentiful in the woods of the low gritstone tracts, upon the high 
calcareous scars, where grow Ash, Wych Elm, Hazel, Aspen, 
Rowan, Birch, Hawthorn, and some of the Roses and Willows, 
and in the upper part of the western dales it is scarcely to be 
seen. It was the only indigenous deciduous-leaved forest tree 
that suffered notably from the severe weather of the Christmas 
of 1860. I think that I have seen it at 500 yards in Teesdale, 
but if so I have neglected to make a note at the time. With 
us Quercus pedunculata is much more frequent both in the dales 
and low country than Quercus sessiliflora, but this latter is pretty 
generally distributed. 
Fagus sylvatica L. English type. Denizen. Area 
general. Range 0-400. The Beech is said to be a tree of the 
post-glacial peat swamps, upon which ground I have placed it 
as ‘Denizen.’ At the present day it is planted up to 4oo 
yards amongst the hills, and, unlike the Oak, is not unfrequent 
in the upper part of the western dales. But although such is 
the case I have not, after careful search, been able to meet with 
it either amongst the calcareous scars of the western hills or in 
the aboriginal woods of the eastern dales. Judging from present 
