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ocr n 1945 



4 



METEOROLOGY OF BRADFORD FOR 1891 



Sheet 2 



/ 



Yearly Maximum and Mixixuir ATMOsrHEBic PeessukEj TEMrEEATUKE, Humidity. Beight Sun&kink, Wind Pressure, axd "Kaineall, 



s 



Year, 



PRKSSCRE, 



Highest. 



CC 





3 -^^ , 



Lowcfst. 



Dale. 





1869 



1870 



1871 



1872 



1873 



1874 



1875 



1876 



1877 



1878 



1879 



1880 



1881 



1882 



1883 



1884 



1885 



1886 



18H7 



1888 



3889 



1890 



1891 



Means 30 345 



30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 



290 

 284 

 152 

 1 56 

 338 

 476 

 305 

 300 

 358 

 320 

 352 

 332 

 382 

 544 

 500 

 354 



273 

 355 

 412 

 333 

 358 

 37 <i 

 394 



Dec. 

 J;in, 

 Mar. 



6 

 19 

 28 



April 6 



Feb. 18 



M;i,i'. 6 



July 7 



Jan. 1 5 



Get. 6 



Mar. 16 



Dec. 13 



Jan. 7 



Mav 10 



Jan. 18 



April 9 



Oct. 5 



Mar. 14 



Nov. 24 



Peb. 8 



.Ta.n . 1 



Dec. 5 



'Fiih. 23 



Oct, 31 



':d ^ ^ 





Ins. 

 28-500 

 28-308 

 28-308 

 28-070 

 28-022 

 28-276 

 28-484 

 28 070 

 28-300 

 28-630 

 28-500 

 28-154 

 28-250 

 28-452 

 28-452 

 28-376 

 28-400 

 27-652 

 28-328 

 28-410 

 28-460 

 28-315 

 28-060 



28-295' 



D:ite. 



Feb. 1 



Jan . 8 



Jan. 1 6 



Jan. 24 



Jan. 20 



Dee. 11 



Nov. 10 



De(;. 4 



Nov. 29 



April 1 



Feb. 10 



Nov. 16 



Oct. 14 



Mar. 1 



Sep. 2 



Jan. 27 



Jan. 11 



Dec. 8 



Nov. 3 



Mar. 28 



Mar. 20 



Jan. 23 



Nov. 11 



T?:mferaturb. 



In iShade. 



Highest. 



60 rt 



c? bo 



-% 

 ^-^ 





Deg-. 



Lowest. 



o 



^ £ 



k 



Date. 



85 



84 



88 

 80 

 80 

 87 

 80 

 89 

 74 

 81 

 83 



77 

 76 

 84 

 82 

 79 

 82 

 80 

 77 

 76 

 79 



81 



2 

 

 

 4 

 8 

 9 

 

 6 

 

 6 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 4 

 2 

 4 

 2 

 5 

 8 

 4 

 5 

 4 

 9 



Anf?. 30 



July 25 



Au^-. 12 



July 23 



July 23 



July 20 



Auff. 17 



July 17 



June 19 



July 19 



July 

 Sep. 

 July 



Auf 



h • 





July 



Au 



July 



Ju y 



July 



June 



Sept. 

 Sept 



30 

 5 

 6 



12 

 3 



12 



27 

 3 

 9 



27 

 1 



10 



12 



Dc 



bo 



PI 



•-^ 



9 I 



19 

 16 

 6 

 24 

 19 

 15 

 13 

 23 

 20 

 13 

 13 

 20 

 12 

 18 

 19 

 26 

 22 

 17 

 21 

 19 

 21 o 

 18-4 

 12 



8 

 6 

 7 

 8 

 2 

 

 

 

 

 9 

 2 

 8 

 

 6 

 8 

 5 

 1 



4 

 1 

 2 



Date. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan . 



Mar. 



Feb. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan . 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan . 



I>ec. 



Mar. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



"Mar. 

 Jan. 

 Feb . 

 Mi 1 V . 

 Dec. 

 J»n 



28 

 23 



1 

 27 

 24 

 31 



1 



9 



1 

 26 



7 

 20 

 26 

 11 

 10 

 30 

 11 



7 

 17 

 14 



4 

 22 

 19 



JjRst and First 

 Fi-u.st of 8eayous. 



Date of 



Dast 

 Frost. 



I 



18'0 



Ml IV. 27 

 Mar, 30 

 April 1 1 

 Mar. 27 

 Mar. 14 

 Mar. 12 

 Mar. 22 

 April 1 5 

 iJ ay 4 

 April 6 

 May Id 

 Feb. 23 

 April 21 

 April 16 

 Mar. 29 

 April 24 

 April 5 

 April 30 

 April 17 

 April 8 

 Mar. 22 

 Mar. 10 

 May 18 



Date of 



First 



Frost. 



Oct. 20 



Nov. 9 



Nov. 13 



Nov. 19 



Nov. 5 



Nov. 11 



Nov. 26 



Nov. 9 



Oct. 18 



Nov. 9 



Nov. 14 



Oct. 20 



Oct. 1 7 



Nov. 12 



Nov. 12 



Nov. 24 



Nov. 16 



Dec. 2 



Oct. 12 



Oct. 2 



Nov. 27 



Oct. 28 



Nov. 25 



Tn Bun's Eays. 



Highest. 



Deg. 



Date. 



127 



127 



128 



124 



124 



125 



122 



125 



116 



118 



101 



112 



116 



108 



107 



107 



113 



108 



107 



110 



115 



111 



107 



7 

 5 

 7 

 8 

 5 

 8 

 

 6 

 4 

 2 

 2 

 

 5 

 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 

 2 

 

 



Aug. 30 

 July 25 

 Juh- 17 

 Aug. 19 

 July 23 

 Julv 20 

 Ju h' 5 

 Julv 16 

 June 19 



Humidity. 



(Complete Saturation =^ 100.) 



HiG'hPst, 



^ C f^ 



O ^ -w 



0—100 

 Ei9 



Date. 



Tjowest. 



UhIl-HT HUNSHlNt:, 



o -^y 





■~J 



July 

 Aug. 

 Aug. 

 June 



Au^'. 



Mav 



Au 



Juh 



Jul\ 



116-0 



22 



13 



13 



1 



9 



17 



. 9 



27 



5 



J Illy 9 

 Sep. 15 

 June 23 

 Juno 16 

 July 2/ 



98 

 100 

 100 

 100 

 100 



99 

 100 



99 

 100 



99 





99 

 99 

 98 



100 

 99 



100 

 99 

 99 

 99 



1 1 : 



99 



Feb. 



Jan. 



July 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Feb. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dee. 



Jan . 



Jo n , 



Jan . 



April 



Mar. 



A]jril 



]\ta y 



Feb. 



8 

 29 



7 

 22 

 11 



6 

 23 



4 

 29 

 13 



7 

 15 

 14 



5 

 26 

 23 

 23 

 12 

 21 

 15 

 22 



1 -^ 

 p I 











EiD 

 1=1 



0-100 

 42 

 28 

 43 

 45 

 41 

 42 

 43 

 46 

 35 

 53 

 51 

 50 

 38 

 36 

 30 

 30 

 32 

 32 

 35 

 39 

 39 

 31 

 37 



39 



Date. 



Sep. 24 



Mar. 8 



Nov. 2 



Sep. 23 



Mar. 26 



May 18 



July 6 



Mav 5 



May 23 



Aug. 9 



Dec. 12 

 Mav 30 

 Mav 31 

 May 18 

 April 9 

 Mav 22 

 June 4 

 J lay 4 

 July 9 

 June 11 

 June 26 

 Mav 29 

 Julv 17 



J. -^ 



c^ t; c3 



Ju\ niin 



I ' r 



11 



12 

 13 

 12 

 14 

 11 



45 

 -50 

 40 

 15 

 25 

 45 



Date. 



Total 



of 

 Year. 



■ ■ 



July 

 Julv 



MaV 



July 



Mnv 



Mny 



hr. min 



I ■ t ■ > I 



± ■ r 1 h 4 



12 45 



6 851 -18 



3 1120 58 



24, 884 20 



8 827 45 



25 824 5 



12 I 805 3 5 



I 885 45 



-li 



EXPLANATION. 



The observations arc made at nine a.m.j aud^ "vvith tlie exception of niaxin^uni and 

 minimum thermometer readings, again at throe p.m. 



The highest andlowestbarometricreadings for caeh month, alsofhemontlilyrange, 

 are given as recorded ; %vhilo tlic mean pres^sure is deduced from bi-daily observations 

 corrected for index error, capillarity, tempcratui-e, and diurnal range. To correct for 

 altitude or reduce to sea level {the air temperatnrc being 48 degrees and barometer 

 30 inches at sea level), add '401 inch to tlie heights given. 



A renuirkabSe instance of barometric depression occurred on the 8th December, 

 1886, %vhen at 8.40 p.m. the mercury of the Exchaiige barometer had fallen to 27'456 

 inches only— the lowest reading on r( cnrd here. The cyclone indicated by this depres- 

 sion was the cause of great loss of life and property, extending oA'er an nnusnally 

 large district. 



All therniometrie observations and deductions are given in degrees Fahrenheit. 



The adopted mean temperature of air is deduced from the dry bulb and the 

 maximum and minimum readings ; the temperature of evaporation from the dry and 

 wet bulb and the maxinnmi and minimum readings. The dew point, elastic force 

 of vapour, hnmidity, &c., are deduced from bi-daily readings of the dry and wet 

 bulb hygrometer, by Glaisher's Hygrometri<'al Tables, sixth edition. 



Uriglit sunshine is recorded in hours and minutes by glass sphere on cards, known 

 as CampbeH's recorder, tixed on Profes.^or Stokes' zodiacal frame. 



The solar tbermomeler has a black bulb enclosed in a vacuum. 



The direction, 'V'elocity, and pressure of wind are recorded a? indicated by 

 anemometers lixed lOg feet above the ridge of roof of Jixehange, Tlie velocity per 

 hour at 9 a.m. is determined from .'jneniome(er readings made one minute and a hi^lf 

 before and a like period after that hour, by multiplying tlie ditference thereof by 

 20. The pressure is given in pounds avoirdupois per square foot. 



The amount of cloud is estimated by a scale ranging from to 10. 



The rain gauge is fixed upon the top of central roof of the Exchange, at an 

 elevation tif GS^ feet nbove the surface of the ground and 395 feet al)Ove mean sea 

 level- As rain gauges on the summit of buildings are generally found to collect less 

 rain than when placed upon the surface of open ground adjacent thereto, steps were 

 taken in 1875 to determine to ^^'hat extent this was the case witli the Exchange 

 rain gauge, Avhen two additional gauges were provided and fixed upon the surface 

 of adjacent open spaces, one near to the Town Hall, the other near to the Midland 

 Eailway Station, between which the Exchange gauge is situate about midway, and 

 tlie surface of ground about the same height. At both of these gauges, as A^ell 

 as at the Exchange gauge, daily observations were made from the commencement 





^ :< ^ 



AViND Vressuke, 





CD 



Date. 



19 



25 



20 



18 



18,1 



18" 



lb. per 

 sq, ft. 



' ■ ' 



\X .V ] N . 



Total 



for 

 Year 



I 



(2 



^1 





'r-i O 



;> ^:^ O 



■ o 



I < 



■ . 



2400 

 15 25 

 18 00 



15 

 13 

 12 

 14 

 13 



20 



00 

 00 

 00 

 I 

 50 



Jan. 

 Dec. 

 Dec. 

 Feb. 

 May 



l-\-b . 



Jail. 



AufT. 



24 

 4 

 9 

 4 

 4 

 9 

 19 

 26 



15-59 



Ins. 



24 ■120 

 21-640 

 42-060 

 21-440 

 23-560 

 30-280 

 35-270 

 40-650 

 35-434 

 28017 

 35-690 

 35-434 

 39-683 

 34-396 

 27-657 

 25-699 

 35-993 

 18-665 

 25-646 

 22-141 

 25-730 

 27-303 



29 841 



'^_ -t^ l-H -, 



llLS, 



Grtr.fiillon srfce. 

 atTii.U'lKVMid. 



Stn.thimiit65,it't. 

 ab'vcsnrf.atExe. 



Depth 

 in 



Inches. 



Ins. 



Percen- 



taire of 



fall at 



Exch' ge 



Per cent 



39-788 

 45-499 

 39-010 

 30-298 

 39-616 

 39-892 

 43-103 



4-518 

 4-849 

 3-576 

 2281 

 3-926 

 4-458 

 3-420 



11-28 

 11-19 

 11-0! 

 10'82 

 11-10 

 11-26 

 10-86 



>. 



• 



•1-^ 



f^ 



>^ 



-w 



M, 



^^ 



00 



h- 1 



c 



■4-3 



»-H 



L 



^ 



a> 



;^ 





T- 



F 





*H 



^ 



^ 





Ins. 



Date. 



39-601 ; 3-860 



11 -08 



0-820 

 0'985 

 2-490 

 1-200 

 0-740 

 1-700 

 1-810 

 1-420 

 1-220 

 1-020 

 1-710 

 1-435 

 1-608 

 1-338 

 1-170 

 1-208 

 2-130 

 810 

 1-050 



590 



1 485 

 1 -020^ 



1 316 ' 



Jmio 

 Juiic 



Juno 

 Aiig-. 



Dec. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



July 



Aii^. 



June 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Sep. 



Jan. 



Rep. 



July 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Mar. 



Jan . 



Dec. 



18 

 16 

 19 



4 



7 

 15 



9 

 16 

 14 



8 

 27 

 13 



6 

 26 

 23 



3 

 26 



9 



NllOW. 



Last and First 



Sno-w of Seasons. 



3 



9 

 22 

 10 



Date of 

 Last 



Snow. 



April 3 

 Mar. 24 

 Mar. 15 

 Mav 11 

 April 25 

 May 9 

 Mar. 12 

 April 1 2 

 May 19 

 April 1 

 May^ 7 

 Mar. 2 

 April 20 

 Mar. 21 

 ]\lar. 24 

 Feb. 28 

 M ay 7 

 Mav 12 

 Mav 21 

 April 8 

 M;ir. 21 

 April 13 

 Mav 17 



of 1876 to the end of 1882, a period of seven years, "when the isui'face gauges -^vere 

 removed in consequence of the ground they occupied being no longer available for 

 the purpose. The particulars of tlieso gaugings are set forth in tables. The results 

 show that the mean yearly rainfall on the surface of ground for the seven years 

 ending with 1882 is 3-86 inches, or 11 -08 per cent., greater than at the summit of the 

 Bxchange. The mean yiarly rainfall recorded at the P^xchange for the twenly-two 

 years ending with 1891 is 29-841 inches. I5y adding 11 '08 per cent, thereto the mean 

 normal rainfall of central Bradford for such period is found to bo 33-147 inches per 

 annum. There are good grounds for concluding that the smaller amount of rain- 

 fall collected on the Fxchange —and on buildings generally— tb an on the surface of 

 ground is due to the varying direction and force of ■^vind there producing different 

 currents and eddies, -wlni^h prevent due precipitation on the top or ridge of roof where 

 the gauge is fixed. U he rainfall of 1 869 was collected by a gauge placed on the ridge 

 of outer roof of Exchange, near to the north-west corner thereof. This position not 

 being deemed quite satisfactory, the pauge was removed at the end of that year to 

 the ridge of central roof— the place it has since occupied. To avoid risk of inaccu- 

 rate resuiis, the rainfall of 1869 is omitted from these returns. 



Tlie instruments '^•ith ^vhich the observations arc made havo been verified by 

 comi^ai-ison with the standards at Kew Observatory. 



Date of 

 First 



Snow. 



Oct. 19 



Nov. 15 

 Nov. 16 

 Nov. 13 

 Jan. 3/74 

 Nov. 26 

 Nov. 9 

 Nov. 8 

 Oct. 1 5 

 Nov. 8 

 Nov. 20 

 Oct. 27 

 Oct. 29 

 Nov. 19 

 Nov. 10 

 Nov, 23 



Dec. 9 



Nov. 6 



Oct. 1^ 



Oct. 1 



Nov. 25 



Oct. 21 



Nov. 26 



