^K\ of Com^ 



Zoology 



OCT 



1945 



i/8RAR^ 



METEOROLOGY OF BRADFORD FOR 189 3 



Yearly Maximum and Minimum AxMOSPnEEic Pressube, Tempeeatuee, HumiditYj Beigiit Sunshine, Wind Peessube, and Rainfall, 



Year 



Prkssuek. 



Highest. 



1869 



1870 



1871 



1872 



1873 



1874 



1875 



1876 



1877 



1878 



1879 



1880 



1881 



1882 



1883 



1884 



1885 



1886 



1887 



1888 



1 889 



1890 



1891 



1892 



1 893 



Means 





bo 



n:^ 





Ins. 



30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 



290 

 284 

 152 

 156 

 338 

 476 

 305 

 300 

 358 

 320 

 352 

 332 

 382 

 544 

 500 

 354 



273 

 355 

 412 

 333 

 358 

 376 

 394 

 256 



358 



Date. 



30-342 



Dec. 6 

 Jan. 19 

 Mar. 28 

 April 6 

 Feb. 18 

 Mar. 6 

 July 7 

 Jan. 15 

 Oct. 6 

 Mar. 16 

 Dec. 13 

 Jan. 7 



May 



Jan. 



April 



Oct. 



Mar. 



Nov. 



Peb. 



Jan. 



Dee. 



Pel). 



Oct. 



Max. 



Dec. 



10 



18 



9 



5 



14 

 24 



8 

 10 



5 



23 

 31 

 30 

 30 



Lowest. 



" O ci ^ 



^ oi t-i Qj 



^m 



Ph 



^-1 



o 



Ins. 

 28'500 

 28-308 

 28-308 

 28-070 

 28-022 

 28-276 

 28-484 

 28 070 

 28-300 

 28-630 

 28-500 

 28-154 

 28-250 

 28-452 

 28-452 

 28-376 

 28-400 

 27-652 

 28-328 

 28-410 

 28-460 

 28-315 

 28-060 

 28-638 

 28-300 



D;ite. 



Peb . 1 



Jan . 8 



Jan . 1 6 



Jan. 24 



Jan. 20 



Dec. 11 



Nov. 10 



Dec. 4 



Nov. 29 



April 1 



Peb. 10 



Nov. 16 



Oct. 14 



Mar. 1 



Sep. 2 



Jan. 27 



Jan . 1 1 



Dec. 



Nov. 



Mar. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



Nov. 



Peb. 



Peb. 



8 

 3 



28 

 20 

 23 



n 



2 

 26 



Tempkraturk. 



lu Shade. 



Hiff 



host. 



"S|^' 



&C S 



V, 





Dcg-. 



85 

 85 

 84 

 86 



80 



80 

 87 

 80 



28-309 



2 

 

 

 4 

 8 

 9 

 

 6 

 

 6 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 4 

 2 

 4 

 2 

 5 

 8 

 4 

 5 

 4 

 9 

 

 85-0 



74 



81 



83 



77 



76 



84 



82 



79 



82 



80 



77 



76 



79 



77 



81 8 



Date 



Aug- 



30 

 July 25 

 Auf?. 12 

 Jnly 23 

 July 23 

 July 20 

 Aug-. 17 

 July 17 

 June 1 9 



Julv 19 

 July 30 

 Sep. 5 

 July 6 

 Aug-. 12 

 J uly 3 

 Aug. 12 

 July 27 

 July 3 

 July 9 

 June 27 

 Aug. 1 

 Sept. 10 

 Sept. 12 

 Aug. 24 

 Aug. 19 



Lowest. 





bo 



■r-H 



fc^B^ 



Beg. 



19 

 16 

 6 

 24 

 19 

 15 

 13 

 23 

 20 

 13 

 13 

 20 

 12 

 18 

 19 

 26 

 22 

 17 

 21 

 19 

 21 

 18 

 12 

 18 

 19 



18 



8 

 6 

 7 

 8 

 2 

 

 

 

 

 9 

 2 

 8 

 

 6 

 8 

 5 



4 

 1 

 2 

 3 

 4 

 



a 







Date. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan . 



Mar. 



Peb. 



Dec. 



Jan . 



Jan. 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan . 



Jan. 



Dec. 



Mar. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



Peb. 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Peb. 



Jan. 



28 

 23 



1 



27 

 24 

 31 



1 



9 



1 

 26 



7 

 20 

 26 

 11 

 10 

 30 

 11 



7 



17 

 14 



4 

 22 

 19 

 19 



5 



Last and Pirst 

 Prost of Seasons. 



Date of 



Last 



Prost. 



1 



Mar. 27 

 Mar. 30 

 April 1 1 

 Mar. 27 

 Mar. 14 

 Mar. 12 

 Mar. 22 

 April 1 5 

 May 4 

 April 6 

 May 10 

 Peb. 23 

 April 21 

 April 16 

 Mar. 29 

 April 24 

 April 5 

 April 30 

 April 17 

 April 8 

 Mar. 22 

 JIar. 10 

 May 18 

 Apiil 19 

 April 12 



Date of 

 Pirst 



Prost. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



O , 't . 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



20 



9 

 13 

 19 



5 

 11 

 26 



9 

 18 



9 

 14 

 20 

 17 

 12 

 12 

 24 

 16 



2 

 12 



2 

 27 

 28 

 25 

 25 

 31 



Li Sun's Piays. 

 Highest, 



B^ 



W o 



^^ j3 



H-^ 





 6 

 4 



Leg. 



127-7 



127 



128 



124-8 



124 



125-8 



122 



125 



116 



118 



101 



112 



116 



108 



107 



107 



113 



108 



107 



no 



115 

 11 



1 



107 

 107-5 

 8 



17 



115 





 5 

 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 

 2 

 



Date. 







Aug. 



30 



Ju V 



25 



July 



17 



Aug. 



19 



July 



23 



July 



20 



July 



5 



July 



16 



June 



19 



July 



22 



7 



duiy 

 Aug. 



13 



Aug. 



13 



June 



1 



Aug. 



9 



May 



17 



Aug. 



9 



Julv 



27 



Julv 



5 



July 



9 



Sep. 



15 



June 



23 



June 



16 



July 



27 



Ju y 



23 



Aug. 



19 



Humidity, 

 (Complete Saturation 



1000 



Highest. 



o ^ 



'1—1 



bo 



•^ 



0—100 



99 



98 



100 



100 



100 



100 



99 



100 



99 



100 



99 



98 



99 



gg 



98 



100 

 99 



100 

 99 

 99 

 99 



100 

 99 

 98 



Date. 



Peb. 8 

 Jan. 29 

 July 7 

 Mar. 22 

 Dec. 11 

 Peb. 6 

 Jan. 23 

 Oct. 4 

 Oct. 29 

 Jan . 1 3 

 Oct. 7 

 Dec. 15 

 Oct. 14 

 Nov. 5 

 Dec. 26 

 Jan. 23 

 Jan. 23 

 Jan. 12 

 April 21 

 Mar. 15 

 April 22 



]\l;iV 11 

 Feb. 20 

 Jan. 12 



Mar. 1 



Lowest. 



>-> 





bL 



'H u« (-1 







b9 



-100 



42 



28 



43 



45 



41 



42 



43 



46 



35 



53 



51 



50 



38 



36 



30 



30 



32 



32 



35 



39 



39 



31 



37 



3? 



37 



39 



Date. 



Sep. 24 



Mar. 

 Nov. 



Sep. 



Mar. 



May 



July 



May 



May 



Aug. 



Dec. 



May 



INIay 



May 



April 



May 



June 



May 



July 



June 1 1 



June 26 



Mav ?9 



Julv 17 



April 3 



Apiil 25 



8 

 2 



23 



26 



18 



6 



5 



23 



9 



12 



30 



31 



18 



9 



22 



4 



4 



9 



Br.KiiiT SijNsin.NS 



i^ *'-' -4J 



c^ cr^ c3 



lii\ min. 



Date. 



■ ■ 



F ^ • 



1 



V 4 ^ 

 ■ 4 fr 

 * m t 

 I I * 



■ r t 



4 P ■ 

 I * b 



"45 



12 



40 



1 o 



40 



12 



15 



14 



25 



11 



45 



12 



30 



13 







July 

 July 

 Miiy 

 Julv 



May 

 M^jy 

 June 

 Mav 



6 



3 



24 



8 



25 

 12 



7 

 10 



Total 



nf 



Year. 



br. mm 



12 45 



851 48 

 1120 58 

 884 20 

 827 45 

 824 5 

 805 35 

 866 53 

 980 36 



895 15 



-4-1 



■ l-l -^ 



OJ OS oj 

 W M S 



-^ <^ ^ 



19 



25 



20 



18 



T8i 



18 



19 



22 



20 



"WlXD Pkf.sstjre 



-4J 



lb. per 

 ■sq. ft. 



r t 



* t 



24-00 

 1525 

 1800 

 15-00 

 13-00 

 12-00 

 14-0.) 

 13-50 

 10-00 

 13 20 



14-80 



Da!e 



Jan. 



1 )ec. 



Dec. 



Peb. 



Mav 



Peb . 



Jan. 



Aug. 



April 



Nov. 



24 



4 



9 



4 



4 



9 



19 



26 



28 



19 



Total 

 for 



Year 



Ins. 



24-1 20 

 21-640 

 42-060 

 21 -440 

 23-560 

 30'280 

 35-270 

 40-650 

 35-434 

 28-017 

 35-690 

 35-434 

 39-683 

 34-396 

 27-657 

 25-699 

 35-993 

 18-665 

 25-616 

 22-141 

 25-730 

 27-303 

 28-881 

 22-667 



29-502 



Rain. 



^ o 



■w- 



ffii O 



Ins. 



39-788 

 45-499 

 39-010 

 30-298 

 39-616 

 39-892 

 43-103 



39-601 



Gitr.faUonsrfce, 

 atTn.H'll&Mid. 

 Stn.thanat65,ift.- 

 ab'vesurf.atPxc. 



Depth 

 in 



Inches. 



Ins. 



4-518 

 4-849 

 3-576 

 2-281 

 3-926 

 4-458 

 3-420 



Percen- 

 tage of 



fall at 

 Excb'ge 



Per cent 



3-860 



11-28 



11-19 



11-01 



10-82 



11-10 



11-26 



10- 



>-. ^ 



5 



>^ 



6D 



□ 



6g 



Ins. 



- ' - 



11-08 











2 



1 







1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



2 







1 







1 



2 

 1 



1 



82C. 

 985 

 490 

 200 

 740 

 700 

 810 

 420 

 220 

 020 

 710 

 435 

 608 

 338 

 170 

 208 

 130 

 810 

 050 

 590 

 485 

 020 

 720 

 180 



368 



Date. 



June 18 

 June 1 6 

 June 19 

 Aug. 4 

 Dec. 7 

 Nov. 

 Oct. 

 July 



Aug. 



June 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Sep. 



Jan. 



Sep. 



July 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Mar . 



Jan. 



Dec. 



Oct, 



May 



15 



9 

 16 

 14 



B 

 27 

 13 



6 

 26 

 23 



3 

 26 



9 



O 

 ij 



9 

 22 

 10 

 15 

 18 



Sheet 2, 



Show. 



Last and First 

 Snow of Seasons. 



Bate of 



Last 



Snow. 



April 3 

 Mar. 24 

 Mar. 15 

 Mav 11 

 April 25 

 May 9 

 Mar. 12 

 April 1 2 

 May 19 

 April 1 

 May 7 

 Mar. 2 

 April 20 

 Mar. 21 

 Mar. 24 

 Feb. 28 

 May 7 

 May 12 

 May 21 

 April 8 

 Mar. 21 

 April 13 

 Mav 17 

 April 28 

 Mar. 17 



Date of 



First 



Snow. 



Oct. 



Xov. 



Nov. 



Kov. 



Jan. 3 



Nov, 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct, 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov, 



Nov. 

 Nov. 



Deo, 

 Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



19 

 15 

 16 

 13 

 , '74 

 26 



9 



8 

 15 



8 

 20 

 27 

 29 

 19 

 10 

 23 



9 



6 

 14 



1 



25 

 21 

 26 

 24 



5 



EXPLANATION. 



The observations are made at nine a.m., and, with the exception of maximum and 

 minimnm thermometer readingSj again at three p.m. 



The highest and lowest baromctricreadings for each month, alsothemonthlyrange, 



B.ro given as recorded ; while the mean pressure is deduced from bi-daily observations 

 corrected for index error, capillarity, temperature, and diurnal range. To correct for 

 altitude or reduce to sea level (the air temperatuie being 48 degrees and barometer 

 30 inches at sea level), add '401 inch to the heights given. 



A rcmarlfable in.^tanoe of barometric depression occurred on the 8th December, 

 1886, when at 8.40 p.m. the mercury of the Exchaof^e barometer had fallen to 27"456 

 inches only— the lowest reading on record here. The cyclone indicated by this depres- 

 sion was the cause of great loss of life and property, extending over an unusually 

 large district. 



All therraomefric observations and deductions are given in degrees Fahrenheit, 

 The adopted mean temperature of air is deduced from the dry bulb and the 

 maximum and mininuim rf^ndingR ; the temperature of evaporation from the dry and 

 %vet bulb nnd the maximum and minimum readings. The dew point, elastic force 

 of vapour, humidity, &q., are deduced from bi-daily readings of the dry and wet 

 bulb hygrometer, by Glaisher's Ilygrometrical Tables, sixth edition, 



Bright sunshine is recorded in hours and minutes by gln^^s sphere on cards, Icnown 

 as Campbell's recorder, lixed on Professor Stokes' zodiacal frame. 



The solar tliermomeler has a black bulb enclosed in a vacuum. 



The direction, velocity, and pressure of wind are recorded as indicated by 

 anemometers fixed 10^ feet above the ridge of roof of Exchange. The velocity p'^r 

 liour at 9a.m. is determined from anemometer readings niade one minute and a half 



before and a like period after that hour, by njultiplying the difference thereof by 

 20. The pressure is given in pounds avoirdupois per square foot. 



The amount of cloud is estimated by a scale ranging from to 10. 



Rainfall includes melted snow and hail. 



The rain gauge is fixed upon the top of central roof of the Exchange, at an 

 elevation of 65^ feet above the surface of the grouiid and 395 feet above mean sea 

 level. As rain gauges on the summit of buildings are generally found to collect less 

 rain than when placed upon the surface of open ground adjacent thereto, steps were 

 taken in 1875 to determine to what extent this was the case with the Excljangc 

 rain gauge, when two additioital gauges were provided and fixed upon the surface 

 of adjacent open spaces, one near to the Town Ilall, the other near to the Midland 

 Railway Station, between which the Exchange gauge is situate about midway, and 

 the surface of gi^ound about the same height. At both of these gauges, as well 

 as at the Exchange gauge, daily observations were made from the commencement 



of 1876 to the end of 1882, a period of seven years, when the surface gauges were 

 removed in consequence of the ground they occupied being no longer available for 

 the purpose. The pai'ticulars of these gaugings are set forth in tables. The results 

 show that the mean yearly rainfall on the surface of ground f(n' the seven years 

 ending with 1882 is 3 86 inches, or 11 "08 per cent., greater than at the summit of the 

 Exchange. The mean yearly rainfall recorded at the Exchange for the twenty-four 

 years ending witli 1893 is 2&'502 inches. By adding ir08 per cent, thereto the mean 

 normal rainfall of central Bradford for such period is found to be 32771 inches per 

 annum. There are good grounds for concluding that the smaller amount of rain- 

 fall collected on the Exchange — and on buildings generally — than on the surf ace of 

 ground is due to the varying direction and force of "^siiid there producing different 

 currents and eddies, which jirevent due precipitation on the toj^ or ridge of roof \vhere 

 the gauge is fixed, 'i lie rainfall of 1 869 was collected by a gauge placed on the ridge 

 of outer roof of Exchange, nesir to the north-west corner thereof. This position not 

 being deemed quite satisfactory, the gauge was removed at the end of that year to 

 the ridge of central roof — the place it has since occupied. To avoid risk of inaccu- 

 rate results, the rainfall of 1869 is omitted from these returns. 



The instruments with wliich the observations are made have been verified by 

 comparison with the standards at Kew Observatory. 



