h 



'P Zoology 'i- 



OCT 11 ia45 



%0-^^A- 



METEOROLOGY OF BRADFORD FOR 1894. 



r 

 + 



Yearly Maximum and Minimum ATMOSniEEic Peessuee, Temteeatube, Humidity, Bright Sunshine, Winb Pekssure, and Rainfall, 



Sheet 2, 



Year. 



Pressure. 



1869 



1870 



1871 



1872 



1873 



1874 



1875 



1876 



1877 



1878 



1879 



1880 



1881 



1882 



1883 



1884 



1885 



1886 



18'17 



1 888 



1889 



1890 



1891 



1892 



1893 



jm_ 



Means 



Highest. 



Q o c; !^ 



Ins. 



30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 



30 



290 



284 



152 



156 



338 



476 



305 



300 



358 



320 



352 



332 



382 



544 



500 

 354 



273 

 355 

 412 

 333 

 358 

 37(3 

 394 

 256 

 358 

 302 



Date. 



341 



Dec . 6 

 Jan. 1 9 



Mar. 28 

 April 6 

 Fcl). 18 

 Mar . 6 

 July 7 

 Jan. 1 5 

 Oct. 6 

 INLar. 16 

 Dec. 13 

 Jan. 7 

 May 10 

 Jan. 18 

 April 9 

 Oct. 5 

 Mar. 14 

 Nov. 24 

 Feb. 8 

 Jan . 1 

 Dec. 5 

 Feb. 23 

 Oct. 31 

 Mar. 30 

 Dec, 30 

 Dec. 27 



Lowest. 



" O d !-i 



^ ^ bl « 



Ins. 

 28' 500 

 28-308 

 28-308 

 28-070 

 28022 

 28-276 

 28-484 

 2B070 

 28-300 

 28-630 



■500 

 ■154 

 28^250 

 28^452 

 28-452 

 28^376 

 28-400 

 27-052 

 28-338 

 28-410 

 28-460 

 28-315 

 28-060 

 28-638 

 28-300 

 28 512 



28-316" 



Date. 



Feb. 1 



Jan. 8 



Jan . 1 6 



Jan. 24 



Jan. 20 



Deo. 11 



Nov. 10 



Dec. 4 



Nov, 29 



April 1 



Feb. 10 



Nov. 16 



Oct. 14 



Mar. 1 



Sep. 2 



Jan. 27 



Jan . 1 1 



Dec. 8 



No V . 3 



]\rar. 28 



Mar. 20 



Jim. 23 



Nov. n 



Feb. 2 



Feb. 26 



Oct. 25 



Temperature. 



In Shade. 



,-j »^ .,—1 3 



Highest. 





Des 

 2 

 



85 

 85 

 84 

 86 



80 

 80 

 87 

 80 



74 

 81 

 83 



77 

 76 

 84 

 82 

 79 

 82 

 80 

 77 

 76 

 79 

 77 

 !,5 

 80 



81 



Date. 





 4 

 8 

 9 

 

 6 

 

 6 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 4 

 2 

 4 

 2 

 5 

 8 

 4 

 5 

 4 

 9 

 

 

 8 



Auf? 



July 

 Aug. 

 July 

 July 

 July 

 Aug. 



30 

 25 

 12 

 23 

 23 

 20 

 17 



July 17 



June 19 



July 19 



July 



Sep. 



July 



Aug. 



July 



Lowest. 





8 



Aug. 

 July 

 July 

 July 



June 

 Aug. 

 Sept. 

 Sept. 

 Aug. 

 Aug, 

 July 



30 



5 



6 



12 



3 



12 



27 



3 



9 



27 

 1 

 10 

 12 

 24 

 19 

 1 



Deg 

 19-8 

 16-6 

 6-7 

 24-8 

 19-2 

 15-0 

 13-0 

 23-0 

 20-0 

 13-9 

 13-2 

 20-8 

 12-0 

 18-6 

 19-8 

 26-5 

 22-1 

 17-4 

 21-1 

 192 

 21-3 

 18-4 

 12-0 



ia-8 



19-0 

 10-2 



Date. 



Last and First 

 I'rost of Seasons. 



Date of 



Last 



Frost. 



17-8 



Dec. 



Dee. 



J an . 



Mar. 



Feb. 



Doc. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



Dec. 



'Mar. 



Nov. 



Di'C. 



Mar. 



Jan , 



Feb. 



Mir. 



Dec. 



JmII- 



Feb. 

 Jan. 

 Jan. 



28 



23 



1 



27 



24 



31 



1 



9 



1 



26 



7 

 20 

 26 

 11 

 10 

 30 

 11 



7 

 17 

 U 



4 

 22 

 19 

 19 



5 



6 



Mar. 27 

 Mar. 30 

 April 1 1 

 Mar. 27 

 Mar. 14 

 Mar. 12 

 Mar. 22 

 April 1 5 

 May 4 

 April 6 

 May 10 

 Feb. 23 

 April 21 

 April 16 

 Mar. 29 

 April 24 

 Ai>ril 5 

 April 30 

 Ai)ril 17 

 April 8 

 Mar. 22 

 Mar. 10 

 May 18 

 Apiil 19 

 April 12 

 Mar. 17 



Date of 

 First 

 Frost. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov . 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



EXPLANATION. 



The observations are made at nine a.m., and, -^'ith the exception of maximum and 

 minimum thermometer readings, again at three p.m. 



The highest andlo-\vcstbarometricrcadiiigs for each month, also the monthly range, 

 are given as recorded ; while the mean pressure is deduced from bi-daily observations 

 corrected for index error, capillarity, temperature, and diurnal range. To coiTect for 

 altitude or reduce to sea level (the air temperature being 48 degrees and barometer 

 30 inches at sea level), add "401 inch to the heights given. 



A remarkable instance of barometric depression occurred on the 8th December, 

 1886, when at 8.40 p.m. the mercury of the Exchange barometer had fallen to 27-456 

 inclies only— the lowest reading on record here. The cyclone indicated by this depres- 

 sion was the cause of great loss of life and property, extending over an unusually 

 large district. 



All thermometric obsei-vations and deductions are given in degrees Fahrenheit. 



The adopted mean temperature of air iy deduced from the dry bulb and the 



maximum and minimum readings ; the temperature of evaporation from the dry and 



wet bulb and the maximum and minimimi reading's. The dew point, elastic force 



of vapour, humidity, &.c.y are deduced from bi-daily readings of the di-y and wet 



b ulb hygrometer, by Glaisher's Ilygrometrical Tables, sixth edition. 



20 



9 

 13 

 19 



5 

 11 

 26 



9 

 18 



9 

 14 

 20 

 17 

 12 

 12 

 24 



16 

 2 

 12 

 2 

 27 

 28 

 25 

 25 

 31 

 22 



In Sun's Rays. 

 Highest. 







H^ 



Deg. 



127" 



127 



128 



124 



124 



125 



122 



125 



116 



118 



101 



112 



116 



108 



107 



107 



113 



108 



107 



110 



115 



111 



107 



107 



117 



105 



115 



7 

 5 

 7 

 8 

 5 

 8 

 

 6 

 4 

 2 

 2 

 

 5 

 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 8 

 6 

 

 2 

 

 

 5 



a 



2 



Date 



Aug. 30 

 July 25 

 Juh' 17 

 Aug. 19 

 July 23 

 July 20 

 July 5 

 July 16 

 June 19 

 July 22 

 An-. 13 

 13 

 1 

 9 

 17 

 9 

 27 

 5 

 9 

 15 



Aug. 



June 



Au^-. 



May 



Aug. 



July 



July 



July 



Sep. 



June 23 



Jnne 

 July 

 July 

 Aug. 

 J uly 



16 

 27 

 23 

 19 

 9 



Humidity. 

 (Complete Saturation = 100, 



BJ^hest. 





O 



be 

 PI 



i-^-rJ 



0- 



-100 

 99 



100 

 100 

 100 

 100 

 99 

 100 



100 

 99 

 98 

 99 

 99 

 98 



100 

 99 



100 

 99 

 99 

 99 



ICO 



Date. 



Feb. 



Jan. 



8 



29 



Lowest. 



o^ 



^w 





pa's 







July 7 

 Jlax. 22 



98 



00 



99 



Dec. 



Feb. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



April 



Mar. 



April 



Mny 



Feb. 



Jan. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



11 



6 



23 



4 



29 



13 



7 



15 



14 



5 



26 



23 



23 



12 



21 



15 



22 



11 



20 



12 



1 



8 



Date. 



-100 



42 



28 



43 



45 



41 



42 



43 



46 



35 



53 



51 



50 



38 



36 



30 



30 



32 



32 



35 



39 



39 



31 



37 



32 



37 

 40 



39 i 



Sep. 24 

 Mar. 8 



Nov. 2 



Sep. 23 



Mar. 26 



May 18 



July 6 



May 5 



Atay 23 



Aug . 9 



Dec. 12 



May 30 



May 31 



May 18 



April 9 



i\r;t.v 22 



June 4 

 May 4 

 July 9 

 June 1 1 



June 

 Mav 

 July 

 .\ I ril 

 Api il 

 July 



26 

 29 

 17 



3 

 25 



5 



Bright Sunshine. 



>. o 



j: 



a; 



^ d'. ~i 



o 



Date. 



lir. min. 



11 

 12 

 13 

 12 

 14 

 11 

 12 

 13 

 12 



45 

 40 

 40 

 15 

 25 

 45 

 30 

 



■ ■ i r ■ 



Total 

 of 



Year . 



o 



"Wind Pressure. 



4^ 

 <X> 



hr. min. 



July 6 



July 3 



]\Iay 24 



July 8 



May 25 



May 12 



June 7 



May 10 



July 1 



12 45 



851 48 



19 



1120 58 



25 



884 20 



20 



827 45 



18 



824 5 



18^ 



805 35 



18 



866 53 



19 



980 36 



22 



771 28 



17 



881 3.J 



Eriglit t^unsliiae is recorded iii hours and minutes by gbiss sphere on cardSj known 

 as Campbell's recorder, fixed on Trofessor Stokes' zodiacal frame. 



The solar thciTnoineter has a black bulb enclosed in a vacnum. 



The direction, velocity, and pressure of wind are recorded as indicated by 

 anemometers fixed 10-^ feet above the ridg-e of roof of Exchange. The velocity pnr 

 hour at 9 a.m. is defermined from anemometer readings made one minute and a half 

 before and a like ipriod after that hour, by multiplying the difference thereof by 

 20, The pressure is given in pounds avoirdupois per square foot. 



The amount of cloud is estimated by a scale ranging from to 10. 



Rainfall includes melted snow and haiL 



The rain gauge is fixed upon the top of central roof of the Exchange, at an 

 elevation of 65| feet above the surface of the ground and 395 feet above mean sea 

 level. As rain gauges on the summit of buildings are generally found to collect less 

 rain tlian when placed upon the sm^face of open ground adjacent thereto, steps were 

 taken in 1875 to determine to wliat extent this was the case with the Excliange 

 rain gauge, when two additional gauges were provided and fixed upon the surface 

 of adjacent open spaces, one near to the Town Hall, the other near to the Midland 

 Eailway Station, between 'uhich the Exchange gauge is situate about midwayj and 

 the surface of ground about the same height. At both of these gauges, as well 

 as at t;ie Exchange gauge, daily observations were made from the commencement 





lb. per 



yq. ft. 



Date. 



20 



24'00 

 15 25 

 18 00 



Rain. 



Total 



for 

 Year 



15 

 13 

 12 

 14 

 13 

 10 

 13 

 8 



00 

 00 

 00 

 0) 

 50 

 00 

 20 

 00 



15-09 



Jau. 

 Dee, 



Dec. 



Feb. 



Mav 



I'- b . 



Jan. 



Aug. 



April 



Nov, 



]Jeo. 



24 



4 



9 



4 



4 



9 



19 



26 



28 



19 



23 



Ins. 



24-1 20 

 21 ■640 

 42'060 

 21-440 

 23'560 

 30'280 

 35-270 

 40'650 

 35-434 

 28-017 

 35-690 

 35-434 

 39-683 

 34-396 

 27-657 

 25 699 

 35-993 

 18-665 

 25-6'16 

 22-141 

 25-730 

 27'303 

 28-881 

 22-667 

 32-782 



29-634 







A- 



OJ 



■^ UH 





- o 



C Pi 

 tJi O 



Ins. 



Grtr.fail on si'fne. 

 atTn.H'll&Mid. 

 Stn.thanat65,;.ft.' 

 ab've Kurf .atl'^xc.i 



Depth 

 in 



Inches. 



Ins. 



39-788 

 45-499 

 39-010 

 30-298 

 39-616 

 39-892 

 43-103 



39-601 



4-518 



4-849 



3-576 



2-281 



3-926 



4-458 



3-420 



Percen- 

 tage of 

 fall at I « ^ 

 Exch'ge' ^Ph 





Per cent Ins. 



11-28 

 11-19 

 11-01 

 10-82 

 11-10 

 11-26 



10- 



3-860 



11-08 





' ■ ' 



0- 



820 



0- 



985 



2- 



490 



;V 



200 



0- 



■740 



r 



700 



V 



■810 



V 



■420 



1 



■220 



1 



■020 



1 



■710 



11 



■435 





-608 



'' 1 



■338 



1 



■170 



^ 



■ ( 



■208 



! 2 



■130 







810 



!■ 



■050 







■590 



; 1 



485 



1- 



■020 



2 



720 



V 



■180 



1 , 



■114 



1 



-358 



Snow. 



Date. 



Last and rh'st 

 Snow of Seasons. 



Date of 

 Last 



Snow. 



June 18 

 June 16 

 June 19 

 Aug. 4 

 Doe. 7 

 Nov. 

 Oct, 

 July 



Aug. 



June 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Sep. 



Jan. 



Sep. 



July 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



Dec. 



Oct 



May 



O et. 



15 



9 

 16 

 14 



8 

 27 

 13 



6 

 26 

 23 



3 

 26 



9 



O 



9 

 22 



ID 

 15 

 18 

 27 



April 3 



Mar. 24 

 Mar. 15 

 Mav 11 

 April 25 

 May 9 

 Mar. 12 

 April 1 2 

 May 19 

 April 1 

 May 7 

 Mar. 2 

 April 20 

 Mar. 21 

 Mar. 24 

 Fob. 28 

 May 7 

 May 12 

 May 21 

 April 8 

 Mar. 21 

 April 1 3 

 M;iy 17 

 April 28 

 :Mar. 17 

 Mii.r. 13 



of 1876 to the end of 1882, a period of seven years, "w-hen the stufacc gauges ivrre 

 removed in consequence of the ground Ihey occupied being no longer available for 

 the purpose. The particulars of these gaugings arc set forth in tables. The results 

 sliow that the mean yearly rainfall on the surface of ground for the seven years 

 ending -with 1882 is 3-86 inches, or 11-08 per cent., greater than at the sumndt of the 

 Exchange. The mean yearly rainfall recorded at the Exchange for the twenty -iive 

 years ending with 1894 is 29-634 inches. By adding 1 1 '08 per cent, thereto the mean 

 normal rainfall of central Bradford for such period is found to be 32917 inches per 

 annum, There are good grounds for concluding that the smaller amount of rain- 

 fall collected on the Exchange— and on buildings generally— than on the surface of 

 grouud is due to tlie varying direction and force of wind there producing different 

 ciirrcnts and eddies, whicli prevent due precipitation on the top or ridge of roof whcri; 

 the gauge is fixed , 'I he rainfall of 1 869 was collected by a gauge placed on the ridge 

 of outer roof of Exchange, near to the north-west corner thereof. This position not 

 being deemed quite satisfactoi-y, the '^■jlUqq was removed at the end of that year to 

 tlie ridge of central roof— the place it lias since occupied. To avoid risk of inaccu- 

 rate results, the rainfall of 1869 is omitted from these returns. 



The instruments ^^-ith which the observations are made have been verified by 

 comparison with the standards at Kew Observatory. 



Date of 



First 



Snow. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Jan. 3, 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 

 Nov. 



Dec. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov, 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



19 



15 



16 



13 



'74 



26 



9 



8 

 15 



8 

 20 

 27 

 29 

 19 

 10 

 23 



9 



6 

 14 



1 

 25 

 21 

 26 

 24 



5 

 29 





