1 



METEOROLOGY OF BRADFORD FOR 1895. 



Yearly Maximum and Minimum Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature^ Humidity, Bright Sunshine, Wind Pressure, and Raineall. 



Year. 



1869 



1870 



1871 



1872 



1873 



1874 



1875 



1876 



1877 



1878 



1879 



1880 



1881 



1882 



1883 



1884 



1885 



1886 



18n7 



1888 



1889 



1890 



1 



Pressiikk. 



Highest. 



Roc]'-' 



^ ^ a -^ 



Date. 



^■^ 



^ 



Lowest. 



E ^ d ^ 



Diitc. 



fn 



wi 



1 



1.; r 



1892 

 1893 

 1894 

 1895 



Means 



Ins. 



30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 

 30 



290 

 284 

 152 

 156 

 338 

 476 

 305 

 300 

 358 

 320 

 352 

 332 

 382 

 544 

 500 

 354 



273 

 355 

 412 

 333 

 358 

 376 

 394 

 250 

 353 



Dec. 

 Jan. 

 Mar. 



6 

 19 

 28 



A pril 6 



Feb. 18 

 ]\tar. 6 



July 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Jan, 



7 



15 



6 



16 

 13 



7 



30-302 

 30 338 



May 



10 



Jan. 



18 



April 



. 9 



Oct. 



5 



Mar. 



14 



Nov. 



24 



Feb. 



8 



Jan. 



10 



iJec. 



5 



Feb. 



23 



Oct. 



31 



Mar. 



30 



Dec, 



30 



Dee. 



27 



I\La,y 



4 







TnR, 

 28'500 

 28'308 

 28'308 

 28-070 

 28-022 

 28-276 

 28-484 

 28 070 

 28-300 

 28-630 

 28-500 

 28-154 

 2B-250 

 28-452 

 28-452 

 28-376 

 28-400 

 27052 

 28-328 

 28-410 

 28-460 

 28-315 

 280.10 

 28 638 

 28-300 

 28 5; 2 

 28-288 



""?8-385 



Temperatl'hic. 



In Shade. 



Iliglieat. 





s >^ S-r 



'^ y ^ _ 



Date. 



Feb. 1 

 Jan. 8 

 Jan . 1 6 

 Jan. 24 

 Jan. 20 

 Dec. 11 

 Nov. 10 

 Dec. 4 

 Nov. 29 

 April 1 

 Feb. 10 

 Nov. 16 

 Oct. 14 

 Mar. 1 

 Sep. 2 

 Jan. 27 

 Jan . 1 1 

 ])ec. 8 

 Nov. 3 

 ]\lar. 28 

 Mar. 2) 

 Jan. 23 

 Nov. 11 

 Feb. 2 

 Feb. 26 

 Ocf. 25 

 Mar. 28 



Deg. 

 2 

 



85 

 85 

 84 

 86 



80 



80 



87 



80 



89 



74 



81 



83 



77 



76 



84 



82 



79 



82 



80 



77 



76 



79 



77 



15 



80 



75 



81 





 4 

 8 

 9 

 

 6 

 

 6 

 4 

 3 

 3 

 4 

 2 

 4 

 2 

 5 

 8 

 4 

 5 

 4 

 9 

 

 

 8 

 



Lowest. 



Last Euid Fii'st 

 Frost of Seasons. 



Aug 



30 

 25 

 12 

 23 

 23 

 20 

 17 

 17 



July 



Aug-. 



July 



July 



July 



Aug. 



July 



June 19 



July 19 



July 



Rep. 



July 



Aug. 



July 



Aug. 



July 



Ju y 



July 



June 



Aug. 



Sept. 



Sept 



Aug. 



Aug. 



July 



]\lav 31 



30 

 5 



6 

 12 



3 

 12 

 27 



3 



9 

 27 



1 

 10 

 12 

 24 

 19 



1 



□ -HI"—- 

 __ - 1— I •~^ ^^ 



Leg, 



19-8 



16-6 



6-7 

 24-8 

 19-2 

 15-0 

 13-0 

 23-0 

 20-0 

 13-9 

 13-2 

 20-8 

 12-0 

 18-6 

 19-8 

 26-5 

 22-1 

 17-4 

 21-1 

 19 2 

 21-3 

 18-4 

 12-0 

 18-8 

 19-0 

 10-2 



9-4 



Date. 



Date of 



Last 



Fi'ost. 



17 5 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan . 



Mar. 



Feb. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan . 



Dec. 



Mar . 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



M ir. 



Dec. 



-Inn 



Feb. 

 Jan. 



-Tan. 

 l'\'h. 



28 

 23 



1 

 27 

 24 

 31 



1 



9 



1 

 26 



7 

 20 

 26 

 11 

 10 

 30 

 11 



7 



17 

 14 



4 

 22 

 19 

 19 



5 



6 



8 



Mar. 27 

 Mar. 30 

 April 11 

 Mar. 27 

 Mar. 14 

 j\rar. 12 

 Mar. 22 

 A])ril 15 

 May 4 

 April 6 

 May 10 

 Feb. 23 

 April 21 

 April 16 

 Mar. 29 

 April 24 

 April 5 

 April 30 

 April 17 

 April 8 

 Mar. 22 

 ^rar. 10 

 May 18 

 Apnl 19 

 April 12 

 :\lar. 17 

 Mar. 12 



Date of 

 First 



Frost. 



In Sun's Hays. 

 Highest. 



bcH 



_j 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Nov. 



N V . 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



O.'t. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



EXFL.VKATION. 



The observations are made at nine a.m., and, v.i\li tbc exception of maximum and 

 minimum thermometer readings, again at three p.m. 



The highest and lowest barometric readings for each month, also 1 he monthly range, 

 are given as recorded ; while the mean pressure is deduced from bi-daily observations 

 corrected for index error, capillarity, temperature, and diurnal range. To correct for 

 altitude or reduce to sea level (the air temperature being 48 degrees and barometer 

 30 inches at sea level), add '401 inch to the heights given. 



A remarkable instance of barometric depression occurred on tlic 8fh December, 

 1880, -when at 8.40 p.m. the mercury of the Fxchau^^e barometer had fallen to 27-'156 

 inches only— the lowest reading on record here. The cyclone indicated by this depres- 

 sion "was tlie cause of great loss of life and property, extending over an unusually 

 large district. 



All tliermomeiric observations and deductions ore given in degrees Fahrenheit. 



The adopted mean temperature of air is deduced from the dr-y bulb and the 

 maximum and minimum readings ; the temperature of evaporation from the dry and 

 -wet bulb and the maximum and minimum readings. The dew point, elastic force 

 of vapour, humidity, &:c., are deduced from bi-daily readings of the dry and wet 

 bulb hygrometer, by Glaisher's Ilygrometrical Tables, sixth edition. 



20 

 9 

 13 

 19 

 5 

 11 

 26 



9 

 18 



9 



14 

 20 

 17 

 12 

 12 

 24 

 16 



2 

 12 



2 

 27 

 28 

 25 

 25 

 31 

 22 

 28 



$> 



Wo 



fee 



O) 



H'^ 



Leg. 



127-7 



127-5 



128-7 



124-8 



124-5 



125-8 



122-0 



125-6 



116-4 



118-2 



101-2 



112-0 



116-5 



108-0 



107-6 



1078 



113-6 



108-8 



107-6 



110-0 



115-2 



111-0 



107 



107-5 



117-8 



1C5-2 



no 



'"115-1" 



Date . 



Aug. 



July 



July 



Aug. 



July 



July 



July 



July 



Jmic 



July 



Aug. 



Aug. 



June 



Au^'. 



Ma y 



Aug. 



July 



July 



July 



Sep. 



June 



June 



July 



Jul/ 



Aug. 



J ul ,' 



May 



30 

 25 

 17 

 19 

 23 

 20 

 5 

 16 

 19 

 22 

 13 

 13 

 1 

 9 

 17 

 9 

 27 

 5 

 9 

 15 

 23 

 16 

 27 

 23 

 19 

 9 

 27 



Humidity. 



(Comple te Satura tion — 100.) 

 Highest. Lowest. 





S:s fee' 

 ft 



6D 



CD 



s.p. 



K'S 



Date, 



I 



0- 



-100 

 99 



100 



100 



100 



100 



99 



100 



99 



100 



99 



98 



99 



99 



98 



100 



99 



100 



99 



99 



9^ 



100 



99 



98 



;0 



Feb. 



Jan. 



July 



Mar. 



Dec. 



Feb. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Jan. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



Jan. 



April 



Mar . 



April 



Miy 



Feb. 

 Jan. 

 M ar . 

 JaTi. 

 April 



8 



29 



7 



22 



11 



6 

 23 



4 

 29 

 13 



7 



15 

 14 



5 

 26 

 23 

 23 

 12 

 21 

 15 



22 



1 1 



I r 



20 



12 



1 



8 



18 





0) 



fee 





0- 



100 

 42 

 28 

 43 

 45 

 41 

 42 

 43 

 46 

 35 

 53 

 51 

 50 

 38 

 36 

 30 

 30 

 32 

 32 

 35 

 39 

 39 



Date. 



99 



3 



37 



3? 



37 



40 



40 



Sep. 24 



Mar. 8 



Nov. 2 



Sep. 23 



Mar. 26 



Mav 18 

 July 6 



Mav 5 

 May 23 

 Aug. 9 

 Dec. 12 

 Mav 30 

 May 31 

 May 18 

 April 9 

 Mav 22 

 June 4 

 May A 

 July 9 

 June n 



Bright Suxsin^E 



1 



+J -r- +J 



^ ^. i:i 



hi\ luin 



^ ' • 



Date. 



■ < 



Jane 



Mav 



July 



A I .ril 



A]-)ril 



Jiilv 



M;iv 



26 

 29 

 17 

 3 

 25 



6 



39 



11 



12 



13 



12 



14 



11 



12 



13 



12 



12 



45 

 40 

 40 

 15 

 25 

 45 

 30 

 

 45 

 30 



Total 



of 

 Year. 



'4-1 



o 



OJ fl 



hr. min 



- r h ■ h > 



o ^ -; 



12 44 



July 



July 



May 



.lulv 



May 



M.y 



June 



May 



July 



June 



6 

 3 



24 

 8 



25 



12 

 7 



10 

 1 

 8 



851 

 120 

 884 

 827 

 824 

 805 

 866 

 980 

 771 

 jn2 



873 



^8 

 58 

 20 

 45 

 5 

 35 

 53 

 36 

 28 

 22 



19 

 25 

 20 



35 



Bright sunslunu is recorded in hours and minutes by glass sphere on cards, known 

 as Campbell's recorder, fixed on Professor Stokes' zodiacal frame. 



The solar thermometer has a black bulb enclosed in a vaciium.. 



The direction, velocity, and pressure of wind are recorded as indicated by 

 anemometers fixed lO.^ feet abo: e the ridge of roof. of Exchange, The velocity per 

 hour at 9 a m. is determined from nnomomeler readings made one minute and a half 

 before and a like period after that hour, by multiplying the difference thereof by 

 20. The pressure is given in pounds a\oirdupois per square foot. . 



The amount of cloud is estimated by a scale ranging from to 10. 



Rainfall includes melted snow and hail. 



The rain gauge is fixed upon the top of central roof of the Exchange, at an 

 elevation of 65g feet above the surface of the gi-ound and 395 feet above mean sea 

 level. As rain gauges on the summit of buildings are generally found to collect less 

 rain than -when placed upon the surface of open ground adjacent thereto, steps were 

 taken in 1875 to determine to what extent this -was the case with the Exchange 

 rain gauge, when two additional gauges were provided and fixed upon the surface 

 of adjacent open spaces, one near to the Town Hall, the other near to the Midland 

 Eailw-ay Station, between w-hich the Exchange gauge is situate about midway, and 

 the surface of ground about the same height. At both of these gauges, as well 

 as at the Exchange gauge, daily observations were made from the commencement 



Wind ^i!Hs^UKE 



■a 



H 



l"b. per 



sq. ft. 



Da^e. 



> ■ ' 



Total 



for 



Year 



18 



18J 



18 



19 



22 



17 



18 



"20" 



24-00 

 15 25 

 18 00 

 1500 

 13-00 

 12-00 

 140' 

 13 50 

 10-00 

 13 20 

 18 00 

 J 5-20 



15-10 



Jan . 



I tec. 



Dpc. 



Feb. 



May 



Frb. 



Jan. 



Aug. 



April 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Dec. 



24 



4 



9 



4 



4 



9 



19 



26 



28 



19 



23 



5 



Ins. 



24-120 



21-640 



42-060 



21-440 



23-560 



30-280 



35-270 



40-650 



35-434 



28-017 



35-690 



35-434 



39-683 



34-396 



27-657 



25-699 



35-993 



18-665 



25-616 



22141 



25 730 



27-303 



28-881 



22-667 



32-782 



30-4 91 



29-666 



Sheet 2 



E A 1 N . 



I 



'V- 



1 











L^. 





■ r— ■ 



o 



K 







Ins. 



39-788 



45-499 

 39-010 

 30-298 

 39-616 

 39892 

 43-103 





itr.fallousrfce. 

 itTn.H'll&Mid. 

 Stn.thaiiat65.ift. 

 ib'vosnrf.atExo, 



PerceD- 



taire of 



fall at 



ExcbVp 



Depth 



in 

 Inches. 



In?;. 



» — t 

 Q 



tic 



a 



SI 



Date. 



Snow. 



Last and First 

 Snow of Seasons. 



Per cent 



r 4 - 



4-518 

 4-849 

 3-576 

 2-281 

 3-926 

 4-458 

 3-420 



39-601 



11-28 

 11-19 

 11-01 

 10-82 

 11-10 

 11-26 

 10-86 



3-860 



n-08 



Ins. 



0-820 



0-985 



2-490 



1-200 



0-740 



1-700 



1-810 



1-420 



1-220 



1-020 



1-710 



1-435 



1-608 



1-338 



1-170 



1-208 



2-130 



810 



1050 



590 



1-485 



1-020 



2 720 



1-180 



)'114 



1-60:; 



"1 367 



Date of 



Last 



Snow. 



.Tune 1 8 

 June 16 



Jiuie 19 



Aug. 4 



Dec. 



Nov. 



Oct. 



July 



Aug. 



June 



Oct. 



Oct. 



Dec. 



Sep. 



Jan. 



7 

 15 



9 

 16 

 14 



8 

 27 

 13 



6 

 26 

 23 



Sep. 



July 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Mar. 



Jan. 



Dec. 



Oct. 



May 



Oct. 



June 



3 



26 



9 



3 



9 



22 



10 



15 



18 



27 



27 



April 3 

 J tar. 24 

 :Mar. 15 

 Mav 11 

 April 25 

 Mav 9 

 Mar. 12 

 April 1 2 

 May 19 

 April 1 

 May 7 

 Mar , 9 

 April 20 

 Mar. 21 

 Mar. 24 

 Feb. 28 

 .Alay 7 

 ]\rav 12 

 Mii.v 21 

 A]u-il 8 

 Ma]-. 21 

 April 13 

 May 17 

 April 28 

 Mar. 17 

 Mar. 13 

 Anri! 7 



of 1876 to the end of 1882, a period of seven years, when the surface gaugo: were 

 removed in consequence of the ground they occupied being no longer available for 

 the purpose. The particulars of these gaugings are set forth in tables. The results 

 show that the mean yearly rainfall on the surface of ground for the seven years 

 ending with 1882 is 3-86 inches, or IVCS per cent., greater than at the summit of the 

 Exchange. The mean yi arly rainfall recorded at the Exchange for the twenty-six 

 years ending with 1895 is 29-666 inches. By adding 1 1 '08 per cent, thereto the mean 

 nonnal rainfall of central Bradford for such period is found to be 32 £53 inches per 

 annum. There are good grounds for concluding that the smaller amount of rain- 

 fall collected on the Exchange —and on buildings generally— than on the surface of 

 ground is due to the varying direction and force of wind there producing different 

 currents and eddies, which prevent due precipitation on the top or ridge of roof where 

 the gauge is fixed. '] he rainfall of 1 869 was collected by a gauge placed on the ridge 

 of outer roof of Exchange, near to the north-west corner thereof. This position not 

 being deemed quite satisfactory, the f-auge was removed at the end of that year to 

 the ridge of central root' — the place it has since occupied. To avoid risk of inaccu- 

 rate re.su>ts, the rainfall of 1869 is omitted from these returns. 



The instruments with w-hich the observations are made have been verified by 

 comparison with the standards at Kew Observatory, excepting tlio.-e wliich can be 

 verified by measurement. 



Da,te of 



First 



Sno-w. 



Oct. 1 9 



Nov. 15 



Nov. 16 



Nov. 13 

 Jan. 3, '74 



Nov. 26 



Nov. 9 



Nov. 8 



Oct. 15 



Nov. 8 



Nov. 20 



Oct. 27 



Oct. 29 



Nov. 19 



Nov, 10 



Nov. 23 



Dee. 9 



Nov. 6 



Oct. 14 



Oct. 1 



Nov. 25 



Oct. 21 



Nov. 26 



Oct. 24 

 Nov. 5 



Dec, 29 



Oct. 26 



