CiRC. No. 97. 



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EXPLANATION. 



perpendicular lines. 



The Map is divided inlo square miles by horizontal and 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. —Mr. J. G. Goodchild, 



F.G.S., contributes the following : — The rocks around Barnard Castle were mapped 

 for the Geological Survey chiefly by Mr. W. Gunn, F.G.S., to whom we are indebted 

 for most of our knowledge of this area. The strata consist mostly of the upper i>art 

 of the Yoredale Rocks, of types almost identical with those studied by the V.N.U- 

 in Upper Swalcdalc. as for example around Keld. The prevailing inclination of the 

 rock, speaking in very general terms, may be said to be south-easterly in the areas 

 to the north of the town, and north-easterly in those to the south ; in other words 

 the larger stucture may be said to be that of an east and west synclinal with its axis 

 declining eastward. Along the axis of the synclinal, chiefly on the Durham side, there 

 occur the remains of the lower members of the Upper Carlioniferous rocks, identical 

 in age and also in lithological character, with the rocks that form the summits of 

 Wilbert Fell, Shunner Fell, Wnter Crag, etc. In the immediate neighbourhood of 

 Barnard Castle there are several exposures of the remarkable siliceous strata that 

 characterize the upper half of the Yoredale Rocks. These have long been known to 

 c(mtain the siliceous remains of ancient sponges and other such organisms in abun- 

 dance. .Some of the finest scenery to the north-west and west of l^arnard Castle is 

 shaped out of the Main or Twelve Fadom Limestone, which was so conspicuous a 



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