21 
The foreheads of the men are generally coated with charcoal 
and grease; the bodies of young and old, moreover, receive a 
covering of fat and ochre, the application of which no doubt 
tends to keep the skin supple when subjected to the scorching 
rays of the sun and wind. 
The “ dóllgu wipu ” (Plate III., fig. 1) is worn through the hair 
at the back of the head by the men of the Wilrurrerra Tribe, 
and consists of a small pointed stick of mulga, round the one end 
of which the tail skin of a rabbit-bandicoot (Peragale lagotis) is 
wound in a spiral manner and fastened by means of kangaroo 
sinew to the stick. 
Both Gosse * and Carruthers 7 have reported the use of bone 
hairpins by the natives of these ranges. They did not come 
under my observation. 
Necklaces (*olindu"), constructed of a number of parallel 
Strands of twisted fur and tied together at the ends with short 
pieces of twisted human hairstrings, are generally worn. The 
separate strands are thickly coated with a paste of emu fat and 
ochre (Plate IIL, fig. 2). The females, more particularly the 
younger, in addition wear the “ puttarra,” a longer necklace, 
which, after being wound once round the neck, further passes 
underneath the left shoulder of the girl. (See Plate VIL, 
ap 1), 
The “ wilkarru,” consisting of a series of parallel strings of fur 
tied round the forehead, frequently adorns the men. It is usually 
constructed of opossum or rabbit fur. Strands of twisted (human) 
hair are further wound tightly round the stomach and upper 
arm by the men, the former being employed when out hunting 
to carry various weapons and game, the latter more usually for a 
corroboree decoration. The women usually have to supply the 
men with the hair requisite for the making of these strands. 
The men commonly, though not invariably or constantly, wear 
as an appendage, fastened at its knot to the pubic hairs and 
partly covering the penis, the flat tassel-shaped “ moiranje,” 
constructed of human hair or rarely of rabbit fur ; (Plate ITI., 
fig. 3). 
Personal Mutilation. — Personal mutilation is universal. 
Horizontal scars upon the chest and oblique scars dipping 
towards the centre upon the shoulder blades are general, the 
latter being usually restricted to the females (*tehipare"). The 
same is trueof the cross scars upon the upper arm (“ngarlarrekin”). 
* Rep. and Diary of Mr. W. C. Gosse’s Cent and West. Expl. Exped., 
1873 ; Parl. Paper No. 48, House Assemb., 1874. 
T Report to Surveyor-General, Adelaide, 1892. 
2 See also, Stirling : Anthrop., Horn Exped., vol. iv., page 108 ; Spencer 
and Gillen : The Native Tribes of Central Australia, page 572 ; and Helms : 
Anthrop. Elder Exped., Trans. Roy. Soc., S. A., vol. xvi., page 246. 
