322 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT KIRKBY MOORSIDE. 
The Boulder Clay in the neighbourhood of Kirkby is not more 
than a few feet thick. It is exposed in the railway cuttings, and 
consists of stiff clay with erratic boulders. 
In the Coralline Oolite of this area there are many caves, one 
of which—the Cave of Kirkdale—is celebrated by the researches of 
Buckland. ‘This cave, which is situated at the entrance to Kirkdale, 
contained an extensive accumulation of bony remains covered by 
a deposit of mud, the whole overlaid by stalagmite. ‘It is situated 
about half-way up the face of the quarry along an irregular line formed 
at the junction of the Chemnitzia limestones with the more earthy 
limestones above. . . . It is probable that at this horizon in the 
limestone are formed the numerous ‘swallows’ or underground 
channels, in which most of the streams in the neighbourhood lose 
a part or all of their water, and if the denudation of these valleys 
was carried roo feet lower, it is probable that a fine series of caves 
would be exposed in this region’ (Fox-Strangwayes). No human 
remains or traces of human workmanship have been found in this 
cave, nor is there evidence of more than one period of occupation by 
predacious beasts (Phillips). It would appear to have been a hyzna 
den, most of the bones being well gnawed, and the proportion of 
hyzena remains being exceptionally large. Twenty-seven species of 
mammalia and birds were found.’ 
The Geological Section left Kirkby Moorside by the Manor Vale, 
then crossed to Kirkdale by way of the Gillamoor Road and Hagg 
Farm, worked down Kirkdale from the Hold Chaldron Mill to the 
Cave, and then back to Kirkby by the low road. The divisions of 
the Middle Oolite examined during the day were :-— 
1.—The Upper Calcareous Grit, 
2.—The Upper Limestone. 
3-—The Middle onions Grit. 
a 4-—The Lower Limest oe 
. The Upper Calcareous Grit was seen in the Manor Vale, oe 
: caring the cliff opposite the ruined castle. poe 
A peculiar argillo-calcareous stone of very unequal development oe 
called locally ‘The Throstler,’ was also noted here, forming 
_ a narrow band between the Upper Calcareous Grit and the Upper 
Limestones. In a quarry near Hagg Farm this same rock was 
oe observed to be at least twelve feet thick. 
“7 i The Upper Limestone was also best seen in the Manor vale, oe 
; poe in the quarry at the north end of the valley. Herethe 
eathered surfaces showed a mass of ome ma ee to Lapeaiacre | 
, defying extraction. 
